/*
    * Copyright 2012 The Netty Project
    *
    * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
    * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
    * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
    *
    *   https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
   * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
   * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
   * under the License.
   */
  package io.netty.util.internal;
  
  import io.netty.util.internal.logging.InternalLogger;
  import io.netty.util.internal.logging.InternalLoggerFactory;
  import jdk.jfr.FlightRecorder;
  import org.jctools.queues.MpmcArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.MpscArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.MpscChunkedArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.MpscUnboundedArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.SpscLinkedQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.atomic.MpmcAtomicArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.atomic.MpscAtomicArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.atomic.MpscChunkedAtomicArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.atomic.MpscUnboundedAtomicArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.atomic.SpscLinkedAtomicQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.atomic.unpadded.MpscAtomicUnpaddedArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.queues.unpadded.MpscUnpaddedArrayQueue;
  import org.jctools.util.Pow2;
  import org.jctools.util.UnsafeAccess;
  
  import java.io.BufferedReader;
  import java.io.File;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStreamReader;
  import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
  import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
  import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
  import java.lang.reflect.Field;
  import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
  import java.nio.ByteOrder;
  import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
  import java.nio.file.Files;
  import java.nio.file.Path;
  import java.nio.file.Paths;
  import java.security.AccessController;
  import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Collections;
  import java.util.Deque;
  import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.Locale;
  import java.util.Map;
  import java.util.Queue;
  import java.util.Random;
  import java.util.Set;
  import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
  import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedDeque;
  import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
  import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
  import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
  import java.util.regex.Matcher;
  import java.util.regex.Pattern;
  
  import static io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent0.HASH_CODE_ASCII_SEED;
  import static io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent0.HASH_CODE_C1;
  import static io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent0.HASH_CODE_C2;
  import static io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent0.hashCodeAsciiSanitize;
  import static io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent0.unalignedAccess;
  import static java.lang.Math.max;
  import static java.lang.Math.min;
  import static java.lang.invoke.MethodType.methodType;
  
  /**
   * Utility that detects various properties specific to the current runtime
   * environment, such as Java version and the availability of the
   * {@code sun.misc.Unsafe} object.
   * <p>
   * You can disable the use of {@code sun.misc.Unsafe} if you specify
   * the system property <strong>io.netty.noUnsafe</strong>.
   */
  public final class PlatformDependent {
  
      private static final InternalLogger logger = InternalLoggerFactory.getInstance(PlatformDependent.class);
  
      private static Pattern MAX_DIRECT_MEMORY_SIZE_ARG_PATTERN;
      private static final boolean MAYBE_SUPER_USER;
  
      private static final boolean CAN_ENABLE_TCP_NODELAY_BY_DEFAULT = !isAndroid();
  
      private static final Throwable UNSAFE_UNAVAILABILITY_CAUSE = unsafeUnavailabilityCause0();
      private static final boolean DIRECT_BUFFER_PREFERRED;
      private static final boolean EXPLICIT_NO_PREFER_DIRECT;
      private static final long MAX_DIRECT_MEMORY = estimateMaxDirectMemory();
 
     private static final int MPSC_CHUNK_SIZE =  1024;
     private static final int MIN_MAX_MPSC_CAPACITY =  MPSC_CHUNK_SIZE * 2;
     private static final int MAX_ALLOWED_MPSC_CAPACITY = Pow2.MAX_POW2;
 
     private static final long BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET = byteArrayBaseOffset0();
 
     private static final File TMPDIR = tmpdir0();
 
     private static final int BIT_MODE = bitMode0();
     private static final String NORMALIZED_ARCH = normalizeArch(SystemPropertyUtil.get("os.arch", ""));
     private static final String NORMALIZED_OS = normalizeOs(SystemPropertyUtil.get("os.name", ""));
 
     private static final Set<String> LINUX_OS_CLASSIFIERS;
 
     private static final boolean IS_WINDOWS = isWindows0();
     private static final boolean IS_OSX = isOsx0();
     private static final boolean IS_J9_JVM = isJ9Jvm0();
     private static final boolean IS_IVKVM_DOT_NET = isIkvmDotNet0();
 
     private static final int ADDRESS_SIZE = addressSize0();
     private static final AtomicLong DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER;
     private static final long DIRECT_MEMORY_LIMIT;
     private static final Cleaner CLEANER;
     private static final Cleaner LEGACY_CLEANER;
     private static final boolean HAS_ALLOCATE_UNINIT_ARRAY;
     private static final String LINUX_ID_PREFIX = "ID=";
     private static final String LINUX_ID_LIKE_PREFIX = "ID_LIKE=";
     public static final boolean BIG_ENDIAN_NATIVE_ORDER = ByteOrder.nativeOrder() == ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN;
     private static final boolean IGNORE_EXPENSIVE_CLEAN =
             SystemPropertyUtil.getBoolean("io.netty.ignoreExpensiveClean", false);
 
     private static final boolean JFR;
     private static final boolean VAR_HANDLE;
 
     private static final Cleaner NOOP = new Cleaner() {
         @Override
         public CleanableDirectBuffer allocate(int capacity) {
             return new CleanableDirectBuffer() {
                 private final ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(capacity);
 
                 @Override
                 public ByteBuffer buffer() {
                     return byteBuffer;
                 }
 
                 @Override
                 public void clean() {
                     // NOOP
                 }
 
                 @Override
                 public boolean hasMemoryAddress() {
                     return hasDirectByteBufferAddress(byteBuffer);
                 }
 
                 @Override
                 public long memoryAddress() {
                     return directBufferAddress(byteBuffer);
                 }
             };
         }
 
         @Override
         public void freeDirectBuffer(ByteBuffer buffer) {
             // NOOP
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean hasExpensiveClean() {
             return false;
         }
     };
 
     static {
         // Here is how the system property is used:
         //
         // * <  0  - Don't use cleaner, and inherit max direct memory from java. In this case the
         //           "practical max direct memory" would be 2 * max memory as defined by the JDK.
         // * == 0  - Use cleaner, Netty will not enforce max memory, and instead will defer to JDK.
         // * >  0  - Don't use cleaner. This will limit Netty's total direct memory
         //           (note: that JDK's direct memory limit is independent of this).
         long maxDirectMemory = SystemPropertyUtil.getLong("io.netty.maxDirectMemory", -1);
 
         // Initialize the direct memory counter independently of Unsafe availability,
         // so that io.netty.maxDirectMemory is enforced even when Unsafe is not available (e.g. Java 25+).
         if (maxDirectMemory == 0) {
             DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER = null;
         } else if (maxDirectMemory < 0) {
             maxDirectMemory = MAX_DIRECT_MEMORY;
             if (maxDirectMemory <= 0) {
                 DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER = null;
             } else {
                 DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER = new AtomicLong();
             }
         } else {
             DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER = new AtomicLong();
         }
         logger.debug("-Dio.netty.maxDirectMemory: {} bytes", maxDirectMemory);
         DIRECT_MEMORY_LIMIT = maxDirectMemory >= 1 ? maxDirectMemory : MAX_DIRECT_MEMORY;
         HAS_ALLOCATE_UNINIT_ARRAY = javaVersion() >= 9 && PlatformDependent0.hasAllocateArrayMethod();
 
         MAYBE_SUPER_USER = maybeSuperUser0();
 
         if (!isAndroid()) {
             // only direct to method if we are not running on android.
             // See https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/2604
             if (javaVersion() >= 9) {
                 // Try Java 9 cleaner first, because it's based on Unsafe and can skip a few steps.
                 if (CleanerJava9.isSupported()) {
                     LEGACY_CLEANER = new CleanerJava9();
                 } else if (CleanerJava24Linker.isSupported()) {
                     // On Java 24+ we'd like to not use Unsafe because it produces warnings. We have MemorySegment,
                     // but we cannot use "shared" arenas due to JDK bugs.
                     // If the "linker" implementation is supported, then we have native access permissions
                     // in the "io.netty.common" module, and we can link directly to malloc() and free() from libc.
                     LEGACY_CLEANER = new CleanerJava24Linker();
                 } else if (CleanerJava25.isSupported()) {
                     // On Java 25+ we can't use Unsafe, but we have functioning MemorySegment support.
                     // We don't have native access permissions to link malloc() and free() directly, but we can
                     // use shared memory segment instances.
                     LEGACY_CLEANER = new CleanerJava25();
                 } else {
                     LEGACY_CLEANER = NOOP;
                 }
             } else {
                 LEGACY_CLEANER = CleanerJava6.isSupported() ? new CleanerJava6() : NOOP;
             }
         } else {
             LEGACY_CLEANER = NOOP;
         }
         if (maxDirectMemory != 0 && hasUnsafe() && PlatformDependent0.hasDirectBufferNoCleanerConstructor()) {
             CLEANER = new DirectCleaner();
         } else {
             CLEANER = LEGACY_CLEANER;
         }
 
         EXPLICIT_NO_PREFER_DIRECT = SystemPropertyUtil.getBoolean("io.netty.noPreferDirect", false);
         // We should always prefer direct buffers by default if we can use a Cleaner to release direct buffers.
         DIRECT_BUFFER_PREFERRED = CLEANER != NOOP
                                   && !EXPLICIT_NO_PREFER_DIRECT;
         if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
             logger.debug("-Dio.netty.noPreferDirect: {}", EXPLICIT_NO_PREFER_DIRECT);
         }
 
         logger.debug("-Dio.netty.ignoreExpensiveClean: {}", IGNORE_EXPENSIVE_CLEAN);
 
         /*
          * We do not want to log this message if unsafe is explicitly disabled. Do not remove the explicit no unsafe
          * guard.
          */
         if (CLEANER == NOOP && !PlatformDependent0.isExplicitNoUnsafe()) {
             logger.info(
                     "Your platform does not provide complete low-level API for accessing direct buffers reliably. " +
                     "Unless explicitly requested, heap buffer will always be preferred to avoid potential system " +
                     "instability.");
         }
 
         final Set<String> availableClassifiers = new LinkedHashSet<>();
 
         if (!addPropertyOsClassifiers(availableClassifiers)) {
             addFilesystemOsClassifiers(availableClassifiers);
         }
         LINUX_OS_CLASSIFIERS = Collections.unmodifiableSet(availableClassifiers);
 
         boolean jfrAvailable;
         Throwable jfrFailure = null;
         try {
             //noinspection Since15
             jfrAvailable = FlightRecorder.isAvailable();
         } catch (Throwable t) {
             jfrFailure = t;
             jfrAvailable = false;
         }
         JFR = SystemPropertyUtil.getBoolean("io.netty.jfr.enabled", jfrAvailable);
         if (logger.isTraceEnabled() && jfrFailure != null) {
             logger.debug("-Dio.netty.jfr.enabled: {}", JFR, jfrFailure);
         } else if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
             logger.debug("-Dio.netty.jfr.enabled: {}", JFR);
         }
         VAR_HANDLE = initializeVarHandle();
     }
 
     private static boolean initializeVarHandle() {
         if (javaVersion() < 9 ||
                 PlatformDependent0.isNativeImage()) {
             return false;
         }
         boolean varHandleAvailable = false;
         Throwable varHandleFailure;
         try {
             VarHandle.storeStoreFence();
             varHandleAvailable = VarHandleFactory.isSupported();
             varHandleFailure = VarHandleFactory.unavailableCause();
         } catch (Throwable t) {
             // no-op
             varHandleFailure = t;
         }
         if (varHandleFailure != null) {
             logger.debug("java.lang.invoke.VarHandle: unavailable, reason: {}", varHandleFailure.toString());
         } else {
             logger.debug("java.lang.invoke.VarHandle: available");
         }
         boolean varHandleEnabled = varHandleAvailable &&
                 SystemPropertyUtil.getBoolean("io.netty.varHandle.enabled", varHandleAvailable);
         if (logger.isTraceEnabled() && varHandleFailure != null) {
             logger.debug("-Dio.netty.varHandle.enabled: {}", varHandleEnabled, varHandleFailure);
         } else if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
             logger.debug("-Dio.netty.varHandle.enabled: {}", varHandleEnabled);
         }
         return varHandleEnabled;
     }
 
     // For specifications, see https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/os-release.html
     static void addFilesystemOsClassifiers(final Set<String> availableClassifiers) {
         if (processOsReleaseFile("/etc/os-release", availableClassifiers)) {
             return;
         }
         processOsReleaseFile("/usr/lib/os-release", availableClassifiers);
     }
 
     private static boolean processOsReleaseFile(String osReleaseFileName, Set<String> availableClassifiers) {
         Path file = Paths.get(osReleaseFileName);
         return AccessController.doPrivileged((PrivilegedAction<Boolean>) () -> {
             try {
                 if (Files.exists(file)) {
                     try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                             new BoundedInputStream(Files.newInputStream(file)), StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
                         String line;
                         while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                             if (line.startsWith(LINUX_ID_PREFIX)) {
                                 String id = normalizeOsReleaseVariableValue(
                                         line.substring(LINUX_ID_PREFIX.length()));
                                 addClassifier(availableClassifiers, id);
                             } else if (line.startsWith(LINUX_ID_LIKE_PREFIX)) {
                                 line = normalizeOsReleaseVariableValue(
                                         line.substring(LINUX_ID_LIKE_PREFIX.length()));
                                 addClassifier(availableClassifiers, line.split(" "));
                             }
                         }
                     } catch (SecurityException e) {
                         logger.debug("Unable to read {}", osReleaseFileName, e);
                     } catch (IOException e) {
                         logger.debug("Error while reading content of {}", osReleaseFileName, e);
                     }
                     // specification states we should only fall back if /etc/os-release does not exist
                     return true;
                 }
             } catch (SecurityException e) {
                 logger.debug("Unable to check if {} exists", osReleaseFileName, e);
             }
             return false;
         });
     }
 
     static boolean addPropertyOsClassifiers(Set<String> availableClassifiers) {
         // empty: -Dio.netty.osClassifiers (no distro specific classifiers for native libs)
         // single ID: -Dio.netty.osClassifiers=ubuntu
         // pair ID, ID_LIKE: -Dio.netty.osClassifiers=ubuntu,debian
         // illegal otherwise
         String osClassifiersPropertyName = "io.netty.osClassifiers";
         String osClassifiers = SystemPropertyUtil.get(osClassifiersPropertyName);
         if (osClassifiers == null) {
             return false;
         }
         if (osClassifiers.isEmpty()) {
             // let users omit classifiers with just -Dio.netty.osClassifiers
             return true;
         }
         String[] classifiers = osClassifiers.split(",");
         if (classifiers.length == 0) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     osClassifiersPropertyName + " property is not empty, but contains no classifiers: "
                             + osClassifiers);
         }
         // at most ID, ID_LIKE classifiers
         if (classifiers.length > 2) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     osClassifiersPropertyName + " property contains more than 2 classifiers: " + osClassifiers);
         }
         for (String classifier : classifiers) {
             addClassifier(availableClassifiers, classifier);
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     public static long byteArrayBaseOffset() {
         return BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET;
     }
 
     public static boolean hasDirectBufferNoCleanerConstructor() {
         return PlatformDependent0.hasDirectBufferNoCleanerConstructor();
     }
 
     public static byte[] allocateUninitializedArray(int size) {
         return HAS_ALLOCATE_UNINIT_ARRAY ?  PlatformDependent0.allocateUninitializedArray(size) : new byte[size];
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if and only if the current platform is Android
      */
     public static boolean isAndroid() {
         return PlatformDependent0.isAndroid();
     }
 
     /**
      * Return {@code true} if the JVM is running on Windows
      */
     public static boolean isWindows() {
         return IS_WINDOWS;
     }
 
     /**
      * Return {@code true} if the JVM is running on OSX / MacOS
      */
     public static boolean isOsx() {
         return IS_OSX;
     }
 
     /**
      * Return {@code true} if the current user may be a super-user. Be aware that this is just an hint and so it may
      * return false-positives.
      */
     public static boolean maybeSuperUser() {
         return MAYBE_SUPER_USER;
     }
 
     /**
      * Return the version of Java under which this library is used.
      */
     public static int javaVersion() {
         return PlatformDependent0.javaVersion();
     }
 
     /**
      * @param thread The thread to be checked.
      * @return {@code true} if this {@link Thread} is a virtual thread, {@code false} otherwise.
      */
     public static boolean isVirtualThread(Thread thread) {
         return PlatformDependent0.isVirtualThread(thread);
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if and only if it is fine to enable TCP_NODELAY socket option by default.
      */
     public static boolean canEnableTcpNoDelayByDefault() {
         return CAN_ENABLE_TCP_NODELAY_BY_DEFAULT;
     }
 
     /**
      * Return {@code true} if {@code sun.misc.Unsafe} was found on the classpath and can be used for accelerated
      * direct memory access.
      */
     public static boolean hasUnsafe() {
         return UNSAFE_UNAVAILABILITY_CAUSE == null;
     }
 
     /**
      * Return the reason (if any) why {@code sun.misc.Unsafe} was not available.
      */
     public static Throwable getUnsafeUnavailabilityCause() {
         return UNSAFE_UNAVAILABILITY_CAUSE;
     }
 
     /**
      * {@code true} if and only if the platform supports unaligned access.
      *
      * @see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault#Bus_error">Wikipedia on segfault</a>
      */
     public static boolean isUnaligned() {
         return PlatformDependent0.isUnaligned();
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if the platform has reliable low-level direct buffer access API and a user has not specified
      * {@code -Dio.netty.noPreferDirect} option.
      */
     public static boolean directBufferPreferred() {
         return DIRECT_BUFFER_PREFERRED;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if user has specified
      * {@code -Dio.netty.noPreferDirect=true} option.
      */
     public static boolean isExplicitNoPreferDirect() {
         return EXPLICIT_NO_PREFER_DIRECT;
     }
 
     /**
      * Return {@code true} if the selected cleaner can free direct buffers in a controlled way. This guarantee only
      * applies for buffers allocated via {@link #allocateDirect(int)} and when using the {@code clean} method of the
      * returned {@link CleanableDirectBuffer}.
      */
     public static boolean canReliabilyFreeDirectBuffers() {
         return CLEANER != NOOP;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the maximum memory reserved for direct buffer allocation.
      */
     public static long maxDirectMemory() {
         return DIRECT_MEMORY_LIMIT;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the current memory reserved for direct buffer allocation.
      * This method returns -1 in case that a value is not available.
      *
      * @see #maxDirectMemory()
      */
     public static long usedDirectMemory() {
         return DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER != null ? DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER.get() : -1;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the temporary directory.
      */
     public static File tmpdir() {
         return TMPDIR;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns the bit mode of the current VM (usually 32 or 64.)
      */
     public static int bitMode() {
         return BIT_MODE;
     }
 
     /**
      * Return the address size of the OS.
      * 4 (for 32 bits systems ) and 8 (for 64 bits systems).
      */
     public static int addressSize() {
         return ADDRESS_SIZE;
     }
 
     public static long allocateMemory(long size) {
         return PlatformDependent0.allocateMemory(size);
     }
 
     public static void freeMemory(long address) {
         PlatformDependent0.freeMemory(address);
     }
 
     public static long reallocateMemory(long address, long newSize) {
         return PlatformDependent0.reallocateMemory(address, newSize);
     }
 
     /**
      * Raises an exception bypassing compiler checks for checked exceptions.
      */
     public static void throwException(Throwable t) {
         PlatformDependent0.throwException(t);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new fastest {@link ConcurrentMap} implementation for the current platform.
      * @deprecated please use new ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>() directly.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static <K, V> ConcurrentMap<K, V> newConcurrentHashMap() {
         return new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new fastest {@link LongCounter} implementation for the current platform.
      * @deprecated please use {@link java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder} instead.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static LongCounter newLongCounter() {
         return new LongAdderCounter();
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new fastest {@link ConcurrentMap} implementation for the current platform.
      * @deprecated please use new ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>() directly.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static <K, V> ConcurrentMap<K, V> newConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
         return new ConcurrentHashMap<>(initialCapacity);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new fastest {@link ConcurrentMap} implementation for the current platform.
      * @deprecated please use new ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>() directly.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static <K, V> ConcurrentMap<K, V> newConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
         return new ConcurrentHashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new fastest {@link ConcurrentMap} implementation for the current platform.
      * @deprecated please use new ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>() directly.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static <K, V> ConcurrentMap<K, V> newConcurrentHashMap(
             int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
         return new ConcurrentHashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor, concurrencyLevel);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a new fastest {@link ConcurrentMap} implementation for the current platform.
      * @deprecated please use new ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>() directly.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static <K, V> ConcurrentMap<K, V> newConcurrentHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
         return new ConcurrentHashMap<>(map);
     }
 
     /**
      * Allocate a direct {@link ByteBuffer} of the given capacity, and return it alongside its deallocation mechanism.
      * @param capacity The desired capacity of the direct byte buffer.
      * @return The {@link CleanableDirectBuffer} instance that contain the buffer and its deallocation mechanism.
      */
     public static CleanableDirectBuffer allocateDirect(int capacity) {
         return allocateDirect(capacity, false);
     }
 
     /**
      * Allocate a direct {@link ByteBuffer} of the given capacity, and return it alongside its deallocation mechanism.
      * @param capacity The desired capacity of the direct byte buffer.
      * @param permitExpensiveClean Whether to allow expensive clean operations or not. If expensive clean operations
      * are not permitted ({@code false}), then the buffer cleaning may instead be delegated to the GC and reference
      * processing. Pooling allocators would typically permit expensive clean operations, while unpooled buffers
      * would not.
      * @return The {@link CleanableDirectBuffer} instance that contain the buffer and its deallocation mechanism.
      */
     public static CleanableDirectBuffer allocateDirect(int capacity, boolean permitExpensiveClean) {
         if (!IGNORE_EXPENSIVE_CLEAN && !permitExpensiveClean && CLEANER.hasExpensiveClean()) {
             return NOOP.allocate(capacity);
         }
         return CLEANER.allocate(capacity);
     }
 
     /**
      * Reallocate a direct buffer with the given new capacity.
      * The old buffer is invalidated and must not be used after this call.
      *
      * @param buffer The old buffer to reallocate.
      * @param newCapacity The desired new capacity.
      * @return The new {@link CleanableDirectBuffer} with the given capacity.
      */
     public static CleanableDirectBuffer reallocateDirect(CleanableDirectBuffer buffer, int newCapacity) {
         return CLEANER.reallocate(buffer, newCapacity);
     }
 
     /**
      * Try to deallocate the specified direct {@link ByteBuffer}. Please note this method does nothing if
      * the current platform does not support this operation or the specified buffer is not a direct buffer.
      *
      * @deprecated Use the {@link CleanableDirectBuffer#clean()} from {@link #allocateDirect(int)} instead.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static void freeDirectBuffer(ByteBuffer buffer) {
         LEGACY_CLEANER.freeDirectBuffer(buffer);
     }
 
     /**
      * Check if it is possible to call {@link #directBufferAddress(ByteBuffer)} on the given buffer.
      * @param buffer The specific buffer instance to check for.
      * @return {@code true} if {@link #directBufferAddress(ByteBuffer)} can be called on the given buffer,
      * otherwise {@code false}.
      */
     public static boolean hasDirectByteBufferAddress(ByteBuffer buffer) {
         return PlatformDependent0.hasDirectByteBufferAddress(buffer);
     }
 
     /**
      * Obtain the native memory address of the given direct byte buffer, or throw an exception if it's not possible.
      * @param buffer The buffer to get the native memory address for.
      * @return The native memory address of the give buffer.
      */
     public static long directBufferAddress(ByteBuffer buffer) {
         return PlatformDependent0.directBufferAddress(buffer);
     }
 
     public static ByteBuffer directBuffer(long memoryAddress, int size) {
         if (PlatformDependent0.hasDirectBufferNoCleanerConstructor()) {
             return PlatformDependent0.newDirectBuffer(memoryAddress, size);
         }
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
                 "sun.misc.Unsafe or java.nio.DirectByteBuffer.<init>(long, int) not available");
     }
 
     public static boolean hasVarHandle() {
         return VAR_HANDLE;
     }
 
     /**
      * {@code true} if {@code VarHandle} should be used for multi-byte access.
      *
      * The multi-byte access strategy is determined as follows:
      * 1) If the platform supports unaligned access natively, use {@code Unsafe} as the fastest option.
      * 2) Otherwise, if {@code VarHandle} is available, use it as a fallback.
      * 3) Otherwise, fall back to manual byte-by-byte access.
      */
     public static boolean useVarHandleForMultiByteAccess() {
         return !isUnaligned() && VAR_HANDLE;
     }
 
     /**
      * {@code true} if multi-byte access at arbitrary offsets is possible, either natively through {@code Unsafe}
      * or via {@code VarHandle} where the JVM handles alignment and byte ordering internally.
      */
     public static boolean canUnalignedAccess() {
         return isUnaligned() || VAR_HANDLE;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle findVarHandleOfIntField(MethodHandles.Lookup lookup, Class<?> type, String fieldName) {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.privateFindVarHandle(lookup, type, fieldName, int.class);
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle intBeArrayView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.intBeArrayView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle intLeArrayView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.intLeArrayView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle longBeArrayView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.longBeArrayView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle longLeArrayView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.longLeArrayView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle shortBeArrayView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.shortBeArrayView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle shortLeArrayView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.shortLeArrayView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle longBeByteBufferView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.longBeByteBufferView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle longLeByteBufferView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.longLeByteBufferView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle intBeByteBufferView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.intBeByteBufferView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle intLeByteBufferView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.intLeByteBufferView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle shortBeByteBufferView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.shortBeByteBufferView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static VarHandle shortLeByteBufferView() {
         if (VAR_HANDLE) {
             return VarHandleFactory.shortLeByteBufferView();
         }
         return null;
     }
 
     public static Object getObject(Object object, long fieldOffset) {
         return PlatformDependent0.getObject(object, fieldOffset);
     }
 
     public static int getVolatileInt(Object object, long fieldOffset) {
         return PlatformDependent0.getIntVolatile(object, fieldOffset);
     }
 
     public static int getInt(Object object, long fieldOffset) {
         return PlatformDependent0.getInt(object, fieldOffset);
     }
 
     public static void putOrderedInt(Object object, long fieldOffset, int value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putOrderedInt(object, fieldOffset, value);
     }
 
     public static int getAndAddInt(Object object, long fieldOffset, int delta) {
         return PlatformDependent0.getAndAddInt(object, fieldOffset, delta);
     }
 
     public static boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object object, long fieldOffset, int expected, int value) {
         return PlatformDependent0.compareAndSwapInt(object, fieldOffset, expected, value);
     }
 
     static void safeConstructPutInt(Object object, long fieldOffset, int value) {
         PlatformDependent0.safeConstructPutInt(object, fieldOffset, value);
     }
 
     public static byte getByte(long address) {
         return PlatformDependent0.getByte(address);
     }
 
     public static short getShort(long address) {
         return PlatformDependent0.getShort(address);
     }
 
     public static int getInt(long address) {
         return PlatformDependent0.getInt(address);
     }
 
     public static long getLong(long address) {
         return PlatformDependent0.getLong(address);
     }
 
     public static byte getByte(byte[] data, int index) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? PlatformDependent0.getByte(data, index) : data[index];
     }
 
     public static byte getByte(byte[] data, long index) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? PlatformDependent0.getByte(data, index) : data[toIntExact(index)];
     }
 
     public static short getShort(byte[] data, int index) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? PlatformDependent0.getShort(data, index) : data[index];
     }
 
     public static int getInt(byte[] data, int index) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? PlatformDependent0.getInt(data, index) : data[index];
     }
 
     public static int getInt(int[] data, long index) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? PlatformDependent0.getInt(data, index) : data[toIntExact(index)];
     }
 
     public static long getLong(byte[] data, int index) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? PlatformDependent0.getLong(data, index) : data[index];
     }
 
     public static long getLong(long[] data, long index) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? PlatformDependent0.getLong(data, index) : data[toIntExact(index)];
     }
 
     private static int toIntExact(long value) {
         return Math.toIntExact(value);
     }
 
     private static long getLongSafe(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
         if (BIG_ENDIAN_NATIVE_ORDER) {
             return (long) bytes[offset] << 56 |
                     ((long) bytes[offset + 1] & 0xff) << 48 |
                     ((long) bytes[offset + 2] & 0xff) << 40 |
                     ((long) bytes[offset + 3] & 0xff) << 32 |
                     ((long) bytes[offset + 4] & 0xff) << 24 |
                     ((long) bytes[offset + 5] & 0xff) << 16 |
                     ((long) bytes[offset + 6] & 0xff) <<  8 |
                     (long) bytes[offset + 7] & 0xff;
         }
         return (long) bytes[offset] & 0xff |
                 ((long) bytes[offset + 1] & 0xff) << 8 |
                 ((long) bytes[offset + 2] & 0xff) << 16 |
                 ((long) bytes[offset + 3] & 0xff) << 24 |
                 ((long) bytes[offset + 4] & 0xff) << 32 |
                 ((long) bytes[offset + 5] & 0xff) << 40 |
                 ((long) bytes[offset + 6] & 0xff) << 48 |
                 (long) bytes[offset + 7] << 56;
     }
 
     private static int getIntSafe(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
         if (BIG_ENDIAN_NATIVE_ORDER) {
             return bytes[offset] << 24 |
                     (bytes[offset + 1] & 0xff) << 16 |
                     (bytes[offset + 2] & 0xff) << 8 |
                     bytes[offset + 3] & 0xff;
         }
         return bytes[offset] & 0xff |
                 (bytes[offset + 1] & 0xff) << 8 |
                 (bytes[offset + 2] & 0xff) << 16 |
                 bytes[offset + 3] << 24;
     }
 
     private static short getShortSafe(byte[] bytes, int offset) {
         if (BIG_ENDIAN_NATIVE_ORDER) {
             return (short) (bytes[offset] << 8 | (bytes[offset + 1] & 0xff));
         }
         return (short) (bytes[offset] & 0xff | (bytes[offset + 1] << 8));
     }
 
     /**
      * Identical to {@link PlatformDependent0#hashCodeAsciiCompute(long, int)} but for {@link CharSequence}.
      */
     private static int hashCodeAsciiCompute(CharSequence value, int offset, int hash) {
         if (BIG_ENDIAN_NATIVE_ORDER) {
             return hash * HASH_CODE_C1 +
                     // Low order int
                     hashCodeAsciiSanitizeInt(value, offset + 4) * HASH_CODE_C2 +
                     // High order int
                     hashCodeAsciiSanitizeInt(value, offset);
         }
         return hash * HASH_CODE_C1 +
                 // Low order int
                 hashCodeAsciiSanitizeInt(value, offset) * HASH_CODE_C2 +
                 // High order int
                 hashCodeAsciiSanitizeInt(value, offset + 4);
     }
 
     /**
      * Identical to {@link PlatformDependent0#hashCodeAsciiSanitize(int)} but for {@link CharSequence}.
      */
     private static int hashCodeAsciiSanitizeInt(CharSequence value, int offset) {
         if (BIG_ENDIAN_NATIVE_ORDER) {
             // mimic a unsafe.getInt call on a big endian machine
             return (value.charAt(offset + 3) & 0x1f) |
                    (value.charAt(offset + 2) & 0x1f) << 8 |
                    (value.charAt(offset + 1) & 0x1f) << 16 |
                    (value.charAt(offset) & 0x1f) << 24;
         }
         return (value.charAt(offset + 3) & 0x1f) << 24 |
                (value.charAt(offset + 2) & 0x1f) << 16 |
                (value.charAt(offset + 1) & 0x1f) << 8 |
                (value.charAt(offset) & 0x1f);
     }
 
     /**
      * Identical to {@link PlatformDependent0#hashCodeAsciiSanitize(short)} but for {@link CharSequence}.
      */
     private static int hashCodeAsciiSanitizeShort(CharSequence value, int offset) {
         if (BIG_ENDIAN_NATIVE_ORDER) {
             // mimic a unsafe.getShort call on a big endian machine
             return (value.charAt(offset + 1) & 0x1f) |
                     (value.charAt(offset) & 0x1f) << 8;
         }
         return (value.charAt(offset + 1) & 0x1f) << 8 |
                 (value.charAt(offset) & 0x1f);
     }
 
     /**
      * Identical to {@link PlatformDependent0#hashCodeAsciiSanitize(byte)} but for {@link CharSequence}.
      */
     private static int hashCodeAsciiSanitizeByte(char value) {
         return value & 0x1f;
     }
 
     public static void putByte(long address, byte value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putByte(address, value);
     }
 
     public static void putShort(long address, short value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putShort(address, value);
     }
 
     public static void putInt(long address, int value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putInt(address, value);
     }
 
     public static void putLong(long address, long value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putLong(address, value);
     }
 
     public static void putByte(byte[] data, int index, byte value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putByte(data, index, value);
     }
 
     public static void putByte(Object data, long offset, byte value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putByte(data, offset, value);
     }
 
     public static void putShort(byte[] data, int index, short value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putShort(data, index, value);
     }
 
     public static void putInt(byte[] data, int index, int value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putInt(data, index, value);
     }
 
     public static void putLong(byte[] data, int index, long value) {
         PlatformDependent0.putLong(data, index, value);
     }
 
     public static void putObject(Object o, long offset, Object x) {
         PlatformDependent0.putObject(o, offset, x);
     }
 
     public static long objectFieldOffset(Field field) {
         return PlatformDependent0.objectFieldOffset(field);
     }
 
     public static void copyMemory(long srcAddr, long dstAddr, long length) {
         PlatformDependent0.copyMemory(srcAddr, dstAddr, length);
     }
 
     public static void copyMemory(byte[] src, int srcIndex, long dstAddr, long length) {
         PlatformDependent0.copyMemory(src, BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET + srcIndex, null, dstAddr, length);
     }
 
     public static void copyMemory(byte[] src, int srcIndex, byte[] dst, int dstIndex, long length) {
         PlatformDependent0.copyMemory(src, BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET + srcIndex,
                                       dst, BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET + dstIndex, length);
     }
 
     public static void copyMemory(long srcAddr, byte[] dst, int dstIndex, long length) {
         PlatformDependent0.copyMemory(null, srcAddr, dst, BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET + dstIndex, length);
     }
 
     public static void setMemory(byte[] dst, int dstIndex, long bytes, byte value) {
         PlatformDependent0.setMemory(dst, BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET + dstIndex, bytes, value);
     }
 
     public static void setMemory(long address, long bytes, byte value) {
         PlatformDependent0.setMemory(address, bytes, value);
     }
 
     public static boolean hasAlignDirectByteBuffer() {
         return hasUnsafe() || PlatformDependent0.hasAlignSliceMethod();
     }
 
     public static ByteBuffer alignDirectBuffer(ByteBuffer buffer, int alignment) {
         if (!buffer.isDirect()) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot get aligned slice of non-direct byte buffer.");
         }
         if (PlatformDependent0.hasAlignSliceMethod()) {
             return PlatformDependent0.alignSlice(buffer, alignment);
         }
         if (hasUnsafe()) {
             long address = directBufferAddress(buffer);
             long aligned = align(address, alignment);
             buffer.position((int) (aligned - address));
             return buffer.slice();
         }
         // We don't have enough information to be able to align any buffers.
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Cannot align direct buffer. " +
                 "Needs either Unsafe or ByteBuffer.alignSlice method available.");
     }
 
     public static long align(long value, int alignment) {
         return Pow2.align(value, alignment);
     }
 
     public static ByteBuffer offsetSlice(ByteBuffer buffer, int index, int length) {
         if (PlatformDependent0.hasOffsetSliceMethod()) {
             return PlatformDependent0.offsetSlice(buffer, index, length);
         } else {
             return ((ByteBuffer) buffer.duplicate().clear().position(index).limit(index + length)).slice();
         }
     }
 
     public static ByteBuffer absolutePut(ByteBuffer dst, int dstOffset, byte[] src, int srcOffset, int length) {
         if (PlatformDependent0.hasAbsolutePutArrayMethod()) {
             return PlatformDependent0.absolutePut(dst, dstOffset, src, srcOffset, length);
         } else {
             ByteBuffer tmp = (ByteBuffer) dst.duplicate().clear().position(dstOffset).limit(dstOffset + length);
             tmp.put(ByteBuffer.wrap(src, srcOffset, length));
             return dst;
         }
     }
 
     public static ByteBuffer absolutePut(ByteBuffer dst, int dstOffset, ByteBuffer src, int srcOffset, int length) {
         if (PlatformDependent0.hasAbsolutePutBufferMethod()) {
             return PlatformDependent0.absolutePut(dst, dstOffset, src, srcOffset, length);
         } else {
             ByteBuffer a = (ByteBuffer) dst.duplicate().clear().position(dstOffset).limit(dstOffset + length);
             ByteBuffer b = (ByteBuffer) src.duplicate().clear().position(srcOffset).limit(srcOffset + length);
             a.put(b);
             return dst;
         }
     }
 
     static void incrementMemoryCounter(int capacity) {
         if (DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER != null) {
             long newUsedMemory = DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER.addAndGet(capacity);
             if (newUsedMemory > DIRECT_MEMORY_LIMIT) {
                 DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER.addAndGet(-capacity);
                 throw new OutOfDirectMemoryError("failed to allocate " + capacity
                         + " byte(s) of direct memory (used: " + (newUsedMemory - capacity)
                         + ", max: " + DIRECT_MEMORY_LIMIT + ')');
             }
         }
     }
 
     static void decrementMemoryCounter(int capacity) {
         if (DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER != null) {
             long usedMemory = DIRECT_MEMORY_COUNTER.addAndGet(-capacity);
             assert usedMemory >= 0;
         }
     }
 
     public static boolean useDirectBufferNoCleaner() {
         return CLEANER instanceof DirectCleaner;
     }
 
     /**
      * Compare two {@code byte} arrays for equality. For performance reasons no bounds checking on the
      * parameters is performed.
      *
      * @param bytes1 the first byte array.
      * @param startPos1 the position (inclusive) to start comparing in {@code bytes1}.
      * @param bytes2 the second byte array.
      * @param startPos2 the position (inclusive) to start comparing in {@code bytes2}.
      * @param length the amount of bytes to compare. This is assumed to be validated as not going out of bounds
      * by the caller.
      */
     public static boolean equals(byte[] bytes1, int startPos1, byte[] bytes2, int startPos2, int length) {
         if (javaVersion() > 8 && (startPos2 | startPos1 | (bytes1.length - length) | bytes2.length - length) == 0) {
             return Arrays.equals(bytes1, bytes2);
         }
         return !hasUnsafe() || !unalignedAccess() ?
                   equalsSafe(bytes1, startPos1, bytes2, startPos2, length) :
                   PlatformDependent0.equals(bytes1, startPos1, bytes2, startPos2, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Determine if a subsection of an array is zero.
      * @param bytes The byte array.
      * @param startPos The starting index (inclusive) in {@code bytes}.
      * @param length The amount of bytes to check for zero.
      * @return {@code false} if {@code bytes[startPos:startsPos+length)} contains a value other than zero.
      */
     public static boolean isZero(byte[] bytes, int startPos, int length) {
         return !hasUnsafe() || !unalignedAccess() ?
                 isZeroSafe(bytes, startPos, length) :
                 PlatformDependent0.isZero(bytes, startPos, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Compare two {@code byte} arrays for equality without leaking timing information.
      * For performance reasons no bounds checking on the parameters is performed.
      * <p>
      * The {@code int} return type is intentional and is designed to allow cascading of constant time operations:
      * <pre>
      *     byte[] s1 = new {1, 2, 3};
      *     byte[] s2 = new {1, 2, 3};
      *     byte[] s3 = new {1, 2, 3};
      *     byte[] s4 = new {4, 5, 6};
      *     boolean equals = (equalsConstantTime(s1, 0, s2, 0, s1.length) &
      *                       equalsConstantTime(s3, 0, s4, 0, s3.length)) != 0;
      * </pre>
      * @param bytes1 the first byte array.
      * @param startPos1 the position (inclusive) to start comparing in {@code bytes1}.
      * @param bytes2 the second byte array.
      * @param startPos2 the position (inclusive) to start comparing in {@code bytes2}.
      * @param length the amount of bytes to compare. This is assumed to be validated as not going out of bounds
      * by the caller.
      * @return {@code 0} if not equal. {@code 1} if equal.
      */
     public static int equalsConstantTime(byte[] bytes1, int startPos1, byte[] bytes2, int startPos2, int length) {
         return !hasUnsafe() || !unalignedAccess() ?
                   ConstantTimeUtils.equalsConstantTime(bytes1, startPos1, bytes2, startPos2, length) :
                   PlatformDependent0.equalsConstantTime(bytes1, startPos1, bytes2, startPos2, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Calculate a hash code of a byte array assuming ASCII character encoding.
      * The resulting hash code will be case insensitive.
      * @param bytes The array which contains the data to hash.
      * @param startPos What index to start generating a hash code in {@code bytes}
      * @param length The amount of bytes that should be accounted for in the computation.
      * @return The hash code of {@code bytes} assuming ASCII character encoding.
      * The resulting hash code will be case insensitive.
      */
     public static int hashCodeAscii(byte[] bytes, int startPos, int length) {
         return !hasUnsafe() || !unalignedAccess() || BIG_ENDIAN_NATIVE_ORDER ?
                 hashCodeAsciiSafe(bytes, startPos, length) :
                 PlatformDependent0.hashCodeAscii(bytes, startPos, length);
     }
 
     /**
      * Calculate a hash code of a byte array assuming ASCII character encoding.
      * The resulting hash code will be case insensitive.
      * <p>
      * This method assumes that {@code bytes} is equivalent to a {@code byte[]} but just using {@link CharSequence}
      * for storage. The upper most byte of each {@code char} from {@code bytes} is ignored.
      * @param bytes The array which contains the data to hash (assumed to be equivalent to a {@code byte[]}).
      * @return The hash code of {@code bytes} assuming ASCII character encoding.
      * The resulting hash code will be case insensitive.
      */
     public static int hashCodeAscii(CharSequence bytes) {
         final int length = bytes.length();
         final int remainingBytes = length & 7;
         int hash = HASH_CODE_ASCII_SEED;
         // Benchmarking shows that by just naively looping for inputs 8~31 bytes long we incur a relatively large
         // performance penalty (only achieve about 60% performance of loop which iterates over each char). So because
         // of this we take special provisions to unroll the looping for these conditions.
         if (length >= 32) {
             for (int i = length - 8; i >= remainingBytes; i -= 8) {
                 hash = hashCodeAsciiCompute(bytes, i, hash);
             }
         } else if (length >= 8) {
             hash = hashCodeAsciiCompute(bytes, length - 8, hash);
             if (length >= 16) {
                 hash = hashCodeAsciiCompute(bytes, length - 16, hash);
                 if (length >= 24) {
                     hash = hashCodeAsciiCompute(bytes, length - 24, hash);
                 }
             }
         }
         if (remainingBytes == 0) {
             return hash;
         }
         int offset = 0;
         if (remainingBytes != 2 & remainingBytes != 4 & remainingBytes != 6) { // 1, 3, 5, 7
             hash = hash * HASH_CODE_C1 + hashCodeAsciiSanitizeByte(bytes.charAt(0));
             offset = 1;
         }
         if (remainingBytes != 1 & remainingBytes != 4 & remainingBytes != 5) { // 2, 3, 6, 7
             hash = hash * (offset == 0 ? HASH_CODE_C1 : HASH_CODE_C2)
                     + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(hashCodeAsciiSanitizeShort(bytes, offset));
             offset += 2;
         }
         if (remainingBytes >= 4) { // 4, 5, 6, 7
             return hash * ((offset == 0 | offset == 3) ? HASH_CODE_C1 : HASH_CODE_C2)
                     + hashCodeAsciiSanitizeInt(bytes, offset);
         }
         return hash;
     }
 
     private static final class Mpsc {
         private static final boolean USE_MPSC_CHUNKED_ARRAY_QUEUE;
 
         static {
             Object unsafe = null;
             if (hasUnsafe()) {
                 // jctools goes through its own process of initializing unsafe; of
                 // course, this requires permissions which might not be granted to calling code, so we
                 // must mark this block as privileged too
                 unsafe = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
                     @Override
                     public Object run() {
                         // force JCTools to initialize unsafe
                         return UnsafeAccess.UNSAFE;
                     }
                 });
             }
 
             if (unsafe == null) {
                 logger.debug("org.jctools-core.MpscChunkedArrayQueue: unavailable");
                 USE_MPSC_CHUNKED_ARRAY_QUEUE = false;
             } else {
                 logger.debug("org.jctools-core.MpscChunkedArrayQueue: available");
                 USE_MPSC_CHUNKED_ARRAY_QUEUE = true;
             }
         }
 
         static <T> Queue<T> newMpscQueue(final int maxCapacity) {
             // Calculate the max capacity which can not be bigger than MAX_ALLOWED_MPSC_CAPACITY.
             // This is forced by the MpscChunkedArrayQueue implementation as will try to round it
             // up to the next power of two and so will overflow otherwise.
             final int capacity = max(min(maxCapacity, MAX_ALLOWED_MPSC_CAPACITY), MIN_MAX_MPSC_CAPACITY);
             return newChunkedMpscQueue(MPSC_CHUNK_SIZE, capacity);
         }
 
         static <T> Queue<T> newChunkedMpscQueue(final int chunkSize, final int capacity) {
             return USE_MPSC_CHUNKED_ARRAY_QUEUE ? new MpscChunkedArrayQueue<T>(chunkSize, capacity)
                     : new MpscChunkedAtomicArrayQueue<T>(chunkSize, capacity);
         }
 
         static <T> Queue<T> newMpscQueue() {
             return USE_MPSC_CHUNKED_ARRAY_QUEUE ? new MpscUnboundedArrayQueue<T>(MPSC_CHUNK_SIZE)
                                                 : new MpscUnboundedAtomicArrayQueue<T>(MPSC_CHUNK_SIZE);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Create a new {@link Queue} which is safe to use for multiple producers (different threads) and a single
      * consumer (one thread!).
      * @return A MPSC queue which may be unbounded.
      */
     public static <T> Queue<T> newMpscQueue() {
         return Mpsc.newMpscQueue();
     }
 
     /**
      * Create a new {@link Queue} which is safe to use for multiple producers (different threads) and a single
      * consumer (one thread!).
      */
     public static <T> Queue<T> newMpscQueue(final int maxCapacity) {
         return Mpsc.newMpscQueue(maxCapacity);
     }
 
     /**
      * Create a new {@link Queue} which is safe to use for multiple producers (different threads) and a single
      * consumer (one thread!).
      * The queue will grow and shrink its capacity in units of the given chunk size.
      */
     public static <T> Queue<T> newMpscQueue(final int chunkSize, final int maxCapacity) {
         return Mpsc.newChunkedMpscQueue(chunkSize, maxCapacity);
     }
 
     /**
      * Create a new {@link Queue} which is safe to use for single producer (one thread!) and a single
      * consumer (one thread!).
      */
     public static <T> Queue<T> newSpscQueue() {
         return hasUnsafe() ? new SpscLinkedQueue<T>() : new SpscLinkedAtomicQueue<T>();
     }
 
     /**
      * Create a new {@link Queue} which is safe to use for multiple producers (different threads) and a single
      * consumer (one thread!) with the given fixes {@code capacity}.
      */
     public static <T> Queue<T> newFixedMpscQueue(int capacity) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? new MpscArrayQueue<T>(capacity) : new MpscAtomicArrayQueue<T>(capacity);
     }
 
     /**
      * Create a new un-padded {@link Queue} which is safe to use for multiple producers (different threads) and a single
      * consumer (one thread!) with the given fixes {@code capacity}.<br>
      * This should be preferred to {@link #newFixedMpscQueue(int)} when the queue is not to be heavily contended.
      */
     public static <T> Queue<T> newFixedMpscUnpaddedQueue(int capacity) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? new MpscUnpaddedArrayQueue<T>(capacity) : new MpscAtomicUnpaddedArrayQueue<T>(capacity);
     }
 
     /**
      * Create a new {@link Queue} which is safe to use for multiple producers (different threads) and multiple
      * consumers with the given fixes {@code capacity}.
      */
     public static <T> Queue<T> newFixedMpmcQueue(int capacity) {
         return hasUnsafe() ? new MpmcArrayQueue<T>(capacity) : new MpmcAtomicArrayQueue<T>(capacity);
     }
 
     /**
      * Return the {@link ClassLoader} for the given {@link Class}.
      */
     public static ClassLoader getClassLoader(final Class<?> clazz) {
         return PlatformDependent0.getClassLoader(clazz);
     }
 
     /**
      * Return the context {@link ClassLoader} for the current {@link Thread}.
      */
     public static ClassLoader getContextClassLoader() {
         return PlatformDependent0.getContextClassLoader();
     }
 
     /**
      * Return the system {@link ClassLoader}.
      */
     public static ClassLoader getSystemClassLoader() {
         return PlatformDependent0.getSystemClassLoader();
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a new concurrent {@link Deque}.
      */
     public static <C> Deque<C> newConcurrentDeque() {
         return new ConcurrentLinkedDeque<C>();
     }
 
     /**
      * Return a {@link Random} which is not-threadsafe and so can only be used from the same thread.
      * @deprecated Use ThreadLocalRandom.current() instead.
      */
     @Deprecated
     public static Random threadLocalRandom() {
         return ThreadLocalRandom.current();
     }
 
     private static boolean isWindows0() {
         boolean windows = "windows".equals(NORMALIZED_OS);
         if (windows) {
             logger.debug("Platform: Windows");
         }
         return windows;
     }
 
     private static boolean isOsx0() {
         boolean osx = "osx".equals(NORMALIZED_OS);
         if (osx) {
             logger.debug("Platform: MacOS");
         }
         return osx;
     }
 
     private static boolean maybeSuperUser0() {
         String username = SystemPropertyUtil.get("user.name");
         if (isWindows()) {
             return "Administrator".equals(username);
         }
         // Check for root and toor as some BSDs have a toor user that is basically the same as root.
         return "root".equals(username) || "toor".equals(username);
     }
 
     private static Throwable unsafeUnavailabilityCause0() {
         if (isAndroid()) {
             logger.debug("sun.misc.Unsafe: unavailable (Android)");
             return new UnsupportedOperationException("sun.misc.Unsafe: unavailable (Android)");
         }
 
         if (isIkvmDotNet()) {
             logger.debug("sun.misc.Unsafe: unavailable (IKVM.NET)");
             return new UnsupportedOperationException("sun.misc.Unsafe: unavailable (IKVM.NET)");
         }
 
         Throwable cause = PlatformDependent0.getUnsafeUnavailabilityCause();
         if (cause != null) {
             return cause;
         }
 
         try {
             boolean hasUnsafe = PlatformDependent0.hasUnsafe();
             logger.debug("sun.misc.Unsafe: {}", hasUnsafe ? "available" : "unavailable");
             return null;
         } catch (Throwable t) {
             logger.trace("Could not determine if Unsafe is available", t);
             // Probably failed to initialize PlatformDependent0.
             return new UnsupportedOperationException("Could not determine if Unsafe is available", t);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if the running JVM is either <a href="https://developer.ibm.com/javasdk/">IBM J9</a> or
      * <a href="https://www.eclipse.org/openj9/">Eclipse OpenJ9</a>, {@code false} otherwise.
      */
     public static boolean isJ9Jvm() {
         return IS_J9_JVM;
     }
 
     private static boolean isJ9Jvm0() {
         String vmName = SystemPropertyUtil.get("java.vm.name", "").toLowerCase();
         return vmName.startsWith("ibm j9") || vmName.startsWith("eclipse openj9");
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if the running JVM is <a href="https://www.ikvm.net">IKVM.NET</a>, {@code false} otherwise.
      */
     public static boolean isIkvmDotNet() {
         return IS_IVKVM_DOT_NET;
     }
 
     private static boolean isIkvmDotNet0() {
         String vmName = SystemPropertyUtil.get("java.vm.name", "").toUpperCase(Locale.US);
         return vmName.equals("IKVM.NET");
     }
 
     private static Pattern getMaxDirectMemorySizeArgPattern() {
         // Pattern's is immutable so it's always safe published
         Pattern pattern = MAX_DIRECT_MEMORY_SIZE_ARG_PATTERN;
         if (pattern == null) {
             pattern = Pattern.compile("\\s*-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize\\s*=\\s*([0-9]+)\\s*([kKmMgG]?)\\s*$");
             MAX_DIRECT_MEMORY_SIZE_ARG_PATTERN =  pattern;
         }
         return pattern;
     }
 
     /**
      * Compute an estimate of the maximum amount of direct memory available to this JVM.
      * <p>
      * The computation is not cached, so you probably want to use {@link #maxDirectMemory()} instead.
      * <p>
      * This will produce debug log output when called.
      *
      * @return The estimated max direct memory, in bytes.
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public static long estimateMaxDirectMemory() {
         long maxDirectMemory = PlatformDependent0.bitsMaxDirectMemory();
         if (maxDirectMemory > 0) {
             return maxDirectMemory;
         }
 
         try {
             // Now try to get the JVM option (-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize) and parse it.
             // Note that we are using reflection because Android doesn't have these classes.
             ClassLoader systemClassLoader = getSystemClassLoader();
             Class<?> mgmtFactoryClass = Class.forName(
                     "java.lang.management.ManagementFactory", true, systemClassLoader);
             Class<?> runtimeClass = Class.forName(
                     "java.lang.management.RuntimeMXBean", true, systemClassLoader);
 
             MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.publicLookup();
             MethodHandle getRuntime = lookup.findStatic(
                     mgmtFactoryClass, "getRuntimeMXBean", methodType(runtimeClass));
             MethodHandle getInputArguments = lookup.findVirtual(
                     runtimeClass, "getInputArguments", methodType(List.class));
             List<String> vmArgs = (List<String>) getInputArguments.invoke(getRuntime.invoke());
 
             Pattern maxDirectMemorySizeArgPattern = getMaxDirectMemorySizeArgPattern();
 
             for (int i = vmArgs.size() - 1; i >= 0; i --) {
                 Matcher m = maxDirectMemorySizeArgPattern.matcher(vmArgs.get(i));
                 if (!m.matches()) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 maxDirectMemory = Long.parseLong(m.group(1));
                 switch (m.group(2).charAt(0)) {
                     case 'k': case 'K':
                         maxDirectMemory *= 1024;
                         break;
                     case 'm': case 'M':
                         maxDirectMemory *= 1024 * 1024;
                         break;
                     case 'g': case 'G':
                         maxDirectMemory *= 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
                         break;
                     default:
                         break;
                 }
                 break;
             }
         } catch (Throwable ignored) {
             // Ignore
         }
 
         if (maxDirectMemory <= 0) {
             maxDirectMemory = Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory();
             logger.debug("maxDirectMemory: {} bytes (maybe)", maxDirectMemory);
         } else {
             logger.debug("maxDirectMemory: {} bytes", maxDirectMemory);
         }
 
         return maxDirectMemory;
     }
 
     private static File tmpdir0() {
         File f;
         try {
             f = toDirectory(SystemPropertyUtil.get("io.netty.tmpdir"));
             if (f != null) {
                 logger.debug("-Dio.netty.tmpdir: {}", f);
                 return f;
             }
 
             f = toDirectory(SystemPropertyUtil.get("java.io.tmpdir"));
             if (f != null) {
                 logger.debug("-Dio.netty.tmpdir: {} (java.io.tmpdir)", f);
                 return f;
             }
 
             // This shouldn't happen, but just in case ..
             if (isWindows()) {
                 f = toDirectory(System.getenv("TEMP"));
                 if (f != null) {
                     logger.debug("-Dio.netty.tmpdir: {} (%TEMP%)", f);
                     return f;
                 }
 
                 String userprofile = System.getenv("USERPROFILE");
                 if (userprofile != null) {
                     f = toDirectory(userprofile + "\\AppData\\Local\\Temp");
                     if (f != null) {
                         logger.debug("-Dio.netty.tmpdir: {} (%USERPROFILE%\\AppData\\Local\\Temp)", f);
                         return f;
                     }
 
                     f = toDirectory(userprofile + "\\Local Settings\\Temp");
                     if (f != null) {
                         logger.debug("-Dio.netty.tmpdir: {} (%USERPROFILE%\\Local Settings\\Temp)", f);
                         return f;
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 f = toDirectory(System.getenv("TMPDIR"));
                 if (f != null) {
                     logger.debug("-Dio.netty.tmpdir: {} ($TMPDIR)", f);
                     return f;
                 }
             }
         } catch (Throwable ignored) {
             // Environment variable inaccessible
         }
 
         // Last resort.
         if (isWindows()) {
             f = new File("C:\\Windows\\Temp");
         } else {
             f = new File("/tmp");
         }
 
         logger.warn("Failed to get the temporary directory; falling back to: {}", f);
         return f;
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("ResultOfMethodCallIgnored")
     private static File toDirectory(String path) {
         if (path == null) {
             return null;
         }
 
         File f = new File(path);
         f.mkdirs();
 
         if (!f.isDirectory()) {
             return null;
         }
 
         try {
             return f.getAbsoluteFile();
         } catch (Exception ignored) {
             return f;
         }
     }
 
     private static int bitMode0() {
         // Check user-specified bit mode first.
         int bitMode = SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("io.netty.bitMode", 0);
         if (bitMode > 0) {
             logger.debug("-Dio.netty.bitMode: {}", bitMode);
             return bitMode;
         }
 
         // And then the vendor specific ones which is probably most reliable.
         bitMode = SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("sun.arch.data.model", 0);
         if (bitMode > 0) {
             logger.debug("-Dio.netty.bitMode: {} (sun.arch.data.model)", bitMode);
             return bitMode;
         }
         bitMode = SystemPropertyUtil.getInt("com.ibm.vm.bitmode", 0);
         if (bitMode > 0) {
             logger.debug("-Dio.netty.bitMode: {} (com.ibm.vm.bitmode)", bitMode);
             return bitMode;
         }
 
         // os.arch also gives us a good hint.
         String arch = SystemPropertyUtil.get("os.arch", "").toLowerCase(Locale.US).trim();
         if ("amd64".equals(arch) || "x86_64".equals(arch)) {
             bitMode = 64;
         } else if ("i386".equals(arch) || "i486".equals(arch) || "i586".equals(arch) || "i686".equals(arch)) {
             bitMode = 32;
         }
 
         if (bitMode > 0) {
             logger.debug("-Dio.netty.bitMode: {} (os.arch: {})", bitMode, arch);
         }
 
         // Last resort: guess from VM name and then fall back to most common 64-bit mode.
         String vm = SystemPropertyUtil.get("java.vm.name", "").toLowerCase(Locale.US);
         Pattern bitPattern = Pattern.compile("([1-9][0-9]+)-?bit");
         Matcher m = bitPattern.matcher(vm);
         if (m.find()) {
             return Integer.parseInt(m.group(1));
         } else {
             return 64;
         }
     }
 
     private static int addressSize0() {
         if (!hasUnsafe()) {
             return -1;
         }
         return PlatformDependent0.addressSize();
     }
 
     private static long byteArrayBaseOffset0() {
         if (!hasUnsafe()) {
             return -1;
         }
         return PlatformDependent0.byteArrayBaseOffset();
     }
 
     private static boolean equalsSafe(byte[] bytes1, int startPos1, byte[] bytes2, int startPos2, int length) {
         final int end = startPos1 + length;
         for (; startPos1 < end; ++startPos1, ++startPos2) {
             if (bytes1[startPos1] != bytes2[startPos2]) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     private static boolean isZeroSafe(byte[] bytes, int startPos, int length) {
         final int end = startPos + length;
         for (; startPos < end; ++startPos) {
             if (bytes[startPos] != 0) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Package private for testing purposes only!
      */
     static int hashCodeAsciiSafe(byte[] bytes, int startPos, int length) {
         int hash = HASH_CODE_ASCII_SEED;
         final int remainingBytes = length & 7;
         final int end = startPos + remainingBytes;
         for (int i = startPos - 8 + length; i >= end; i -= 8) {
             hash = PlatformDependent0.hashCodeAsciiCompute(getLongSafe(bytes, i), hash);
         }
         switch(remainingBytes) {
         case 7:
             return ((hash * HASH_CODE_C1 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(bytes[startPos]))
                           * HASH_CODE_C2 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(getShortSafe(bytes, startPos + 1)))
                           * HASH_CODE_C1 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(getIntSafe(bytes, startPos + 3));
         case 6:
             return (hash * HASH_CODE_C1 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(getShortSafe(bytes, startPos)))
                          * HASH_CODE_C2 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(getIntSafe(bytes, startPos + 2));
         case 5:
             return (hash * HASH_CODE_C1 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(bytes[startPos]))
                          * HASH_CODE_C2 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(getIntSafe(bytes, startPos + 1));
         case 4:
             return hash * HASH_CODE_C1 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(getIntSafe(bytes, startPos));
         case 3:
             return (hash * HASH_CODE_C1 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(bytes[startPos]))
                          * HASH_CODE_C2 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(getShortSafe(bytes, startPos + 1));
         case 2:
             return hash * HASH_CODE_C1 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(getShortSafe(bytes, startPos));
         case 1:
             return hash * HASH_CODE_C1 + hashCodeAsciiSanitize(bytes[startPos]);
         default:
             return hash;
         }
     }
 
     public static String normalizedArch() {
         return NORMALIZED_ARCH;
     }
 
     public static String normalizedOs() {
         return NORMALIZED_OS;
     }
 
     public static Set<String> normalizedLinuxClassifiers() {
         return LINUX_OS_CLASSIFIERS;
     }
 
     public static File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, File directory) throws IOException {
         if (directory == null) {
             return Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile();
         }
         return Files.createTempFile(directory.toPath(), prefix, suffix).toFile();
     }
 
     /**
      * Adds only those classifier strings to <tt>dest</tt> which are present in <tt>allowed</tt>.
      *
      * @param dest             destination set
      * @param maybeClassifiers potential classifiers to add
      */
     private static void addClassifier(Set<String> dest, String... maybeClassifiers) {
         for (String id : maybeClassifiers) {
             if (isAllowedClassifier(id)) {
                 dest.add(id);
             }
         }
     }
     // keep in sync with maven's pom.xml via os.detection.classifierWithLikes!
     private static boolean isAllowedClassifier(String classifier) {
         switch (classifier) {
             case "fedora":
             case "suse":
             case "arch":
                 return true;
             default:
                 return false;
         }
     }
 
     //replaces value.trim().replaceAll("[\"']", "") to avoid regexp overhead
     private static String normalizeOsReleaseVariableValue(String value) {
         String trimmed = value.trim();
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(trimmed.length());
         for (int i = 0; i < trimmed.length(); i++) {
             char c = trimmed.charAt(i);
             if (c != '"' && c != '\'') {
                 sb.append(c);
             }
         }
         return sb.toString();
     }
 
     //replaces value.toLowerCase(Locale.US).replaceAll("[^a-z0-9]+", "") to avoid regexp overhead
     private static String normalize(String value) {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(value.length());
         for (int i = 0; i < value.length(); i++) {
             char c = Character.toLowerCase(value.charAt(i));
             if ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= '0' && c <= '9')) {
                 sb.append(c);
             }
         }
         return sb.toString();
     }
 
     private static String normalizeArch(String value) {
         value = normalize(value);
         switch (value) {
             case "x8664":
             case "amd64":
             case "ia32e":
             case "em64t":
             case "x64":
                 return "x86_64";
 
             case "x8632":
             case "x86":
             case "i386":
             case "i486":
             case "i586":
             case "i686":
             case "ia32":
             case "x32":
                 return "x86_32";
 
             case "ia64":
             case "itanium64":
                 return "itanium_64";
 
             case "sparc":
             case "sparc32":
                 return "sparc_32";
 
             case "sparcv9":
             case "sparc64":
                 return "sparc_64";
 
             case "arm":
             case "arm32":
                 return "arm_32";
 
             case "aarch64":
                 return "aarch_64";
 
             case "riscv64":
                 return "riscv64";
 
             case "ppc":
             case "ppc32":
                 return "ppc_32";
 
             case "ppc64":
                 return "ppc_64";
 
             case "ppc64le":
                 return "ppcle_64";
 
             case "s390":
                 return "s390_32";
 
             case "s390x":
                 return "s390_64";
 
             case "loongarch64":
                 return "loongarch_64";
 
             default:
                 return "unknown";
         }
     }
 
     private static String normalizeOs(String value) {
         value = normalize(value);
         if (value.startsWith("aix")) {
             return "aix";
         }
         if (value.startsWith("hpux")) {
             return "hpux";
         }
         if (value.startsWith("os400")) {
             // Avoid the names such as os4000
             if (value.length() <= 5 || !Character.isDigit(value.charAt(5))) {
                 return "os400";
             }
         }
         if (value.startsWith("linux")) {
             return "linux";
         }
         if (value.startsWith("macosx") || value.startsWith("osx") || value.startsWith("darwin")) {
             return "osx";
         }
         if (value.startsWith("freebsd")) {
             return "freebsd";
         }
         if (value.startsWith("openbsd")) {
             return "openbsd";
         }
         if (value.startsWith("netbsd")) {
             return "netbsd";
         }
         if (value.startsWith("solaris") || value.startsWith("sunos")) {
             return "sunos";
         }
         if (value.startsWith("windows")) {
             return "windows";
         }
 
         return "unknown";
     }
 
     /**
      * Check if JFR events are supported on this platform.
      */
     public static boolean isJfrEnabled() {
         return JFR;
     }
 
     private PlatformDependent() {
         // only static method supported
     }
 }