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- All Superinterfaces:
ChannelInboundInvoker
,ChannelOutboundInvoker
,FuturePromiseFactory
,Iterable<Map.Entry<String,ChannelHandler>>
- All Known Implementing Classes:
AbstractChannel.DefaultAbstractChannelPipeline
,DefaultChannelPipeline
public interface ChannelPipeline extends ChannelInboundInvoker, ChannelOutboundInvoker, Iterable<Map.Entry<String,ChannelHandler>>
A list ofChannelHandler
s which handles or intercepts inbound events and outbound operations of aChannel
.ChannelPipeline
implements an advanced form of the Intercepting Filter pattern to give a user full control over how an event is handled and how theChannelHandler
s in a pipeline interact with each other.Creation of a pipeline
Each channel has its own pipeline and it is created automatically when a new channel is created.How an event flows in a pipeline
The following diagram describes how I/O events are processed byChannelHandler
s in aChannelPipeline
typically. An I/O event is handled by aChannelHandler
(which may handle inbound or / and outbound events) and be forwarded to its closest handler by calling the event propagation methods defined inChannelHandlerContext
, such asChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelRead(Object)
andChannelOutboundInvoker.write(Object)
.I/O Request via
An inbound event is handled by the inbound handlers in the bottom-up direction as shown on the left side of the diagram. An inbound handler usually handles the inbound data generated by the I/O thread on the bottom of the diagram. The inbound data is often read from a remote peer via the actual input operation such asChannel
orChannelHandlerContext
| +---------------------------------------------------+---------------+ | ChannelPipeline | | | \|/ | | +---------------------+ +-----------+----------+ | | | Inbound Handler N | | Outbound Handler 1 | | | +----------+----------+ +-----------+----------+ | | /|\ | | | | \|/ | | +----------+----------+ +-----------+----------+ | | | Inbound Handler N-1 | | Outbound Handler 2 | | | +----------+----------+ +-----------+----------+ | | /|\ . | | . . | | ChannelHandlerContext.fireIN_EVT() ChannelHandlerContext.OUT_EVT()| | [ method call] [method call] | | . . | | . \|/ | | +----------+----------+ +-----------+----------+ | | | Inbound Handler 2 | | Outbound Handler M-1 | | | +----------+----------+ +-----------+----------+ | | /|\ | | | | \|/ | | +----------+----------+ +-----------+----------+ | | | Inbound Handler 1 | | Outbound Handler M | | | +----------+----------+ +-----------+----------+ | | /|\ | | +---------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+ | \|/ +---------------+-----------------------------------+---------------+ | | | | | [ Socket.read() ] [ Socket.write() ] | | | | Netty Internal I/O Threads (Transport Implementation) | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+SocketChannel.read(ByteBuffer)
. If an inbound event goes beyond the top inbound handler, it is discarded silently, or logged if it needs your attention.An outbound event is handled by the outbound handler in the top-down direction as shown on the right side of the diagram. An outbound handler usually generates or transforms the outbound traffic such as write requests. If an outbound event goes beyond the bottom outbound handler, it is handled by an I/O thread associated with the
Channel
. The I/O thread often performs the actual output operation such asSocketChannel.write(ByteBuffer)
.For example, let us assume that we created the following pipeline:
ChannelPipeline
p = ...; p.addLast("1", new InboundHandlerA()); p.addLast("2", new InboundHandlerB()); p.addLast("3", new OutboundHandlerA()); p.addLast("4", new OutboundHandlerB()); p.addLast("5", new InboundOutboundHandlerX());Inbound
means it is an inbound handler. The class whose name starts withOutbound
means it is a outbound handler.In the given example configuration, the handler evaluation order is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 when an event goes inbound. When an event goes outbound, the order is 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. On top of this principle,
ChannelPipeline
skips the evaluation of certain handlers to shorten the stack depth:- 3 and 4 don't implement inbound handling methods of
ChannelHandler
, and therefore the actual evaluation order of an inbound event will be: 1, 2, and 5. - 1 and 2 don't implement outbound handling methods of
ChannelHandler
, and therefore the actual evaluation order of an outbound event will be: 5, 4, and 3. - If 5 implements both inbound and outbound handling methods of
ChannelHandler
, the evaluation order of an inbound and a outbound event could be 125 and 543 respectively.
Forwarding an event to the next handler
As you might noticed in the diagram shows, a handler has to invoke the event propagation methods inChannelHandlerContext
to forward an event to its next handler. Those methods include:- Inbound event propagation methods:
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelRegistered()
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelActive()
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelRead(Object)
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelReadComplete()
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelExceptionCaught(Throwable)
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelInboundEvent(Object)
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelWritabilityChanged()
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelInactive()
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelShutdown(ChannelShutdownDirection)
ChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelUnregistered()
- Outbound event propagation methods:
ChannelOutboundInvoker.bind(SocketAddress)
ChannelOutboundInvoker.connect(SocketAddress, SocketAddress)
ChannelOutboundInvoker.write(Object)
ChannelHandlerContext.flush()
ChannelHandlerContext.read()
ChannelOutboundInvoker.disconnect()
ChannelOutboundInvoker.close()
ChannelOutboundInvoker.shutdown(ChannelShutdownDirection)
ChannelOutboundInvoker.sendOutboundEvent(Object)
ChannelOutboundInvoker.deregister()
public class MyInboundHandler implements
ChannelHandler
{@Override
public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext
ctx) { System.out.println("Connected!"); ctx.fireChannelActive(); } } public class MyOutboundHandler implementsChannelHandler
{@Override
public Future<Void> close(ChannelHandlerContext
ctx) { System.out.println("Closing .."); return ctx.close(); } }Building a pipeline
A user is supposed to have one or more
ChannelHandler
s in a pipeline to receive I/O events (e.g. read) and to request I/O operations (e.g. write and close). For example, a typical server will have the following handlers in each channel's pipeline, but your mileage may vary depending on the complexity and characteristics of the protocol and business logic:- Protocol Decoder - translates binary data (e.g.
Buffer
) into a Java object. - Protocol Encoder - translates a Java object into binary data.
- Business Logic Handler - performs the actual business logic (e.g. database access).
...
ChannelPipeline
pipeline = ch.pipeline(); pipeline.addLast("decoder", new MyProtocolDecoder()); pipeline.addLast("encoder", new MyProtocolEncoder()); // If your business logic does block or take a lot of time you should offload the work to an extra //Executor
to ensure you don't block theEventLoop
. pipeline.addLast("handler", new MyBusinessLogicHandler());Thread safety
A
ChannelHandler
can be added or removed at any time because aChannelPipeline
is thread safe. For example, you can insert an encryption handler when sensitive information is about to be exchanged, and remove it after the exchange.
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Method Summary
All Methods Instance Methods Abstract Methods Default Methods Modifier and Type Method Description ChannelPipeline
addAfter(String baseName, String name, ChannelHandler handler)
Inserts aChannelHandler
after an existing handler of this pipeline.ChannelPipeline
addBefore(String baseName, String name, ChannelHandler handler)
Inserts aChannelHandler
before an existing handler of this pipeline.ChannelPipeline
addFirst(ChannelHandler... handlers)
InsertsChannelHandler
s at the first position of this pipeline.ChannelPipeline
addFirst(String name, ChannelHandler handler)
Inserts aChannelHandler
at the first position of this pipeline.ChannelPipeline
addLast(ChannelHandler... handlers)
InsertsChannelHandler
s at the last position of this pipeline.ChannelPipeline
addLast(String name, ChannelHandler handler)
Appends aChannelHandler
at the last position of this pipeline.Channel
channel()
Returns theChannel
that this pipeline is attached to.ChannelHandlerContext
context(ChannelHandler handler)
Returns the context object of the specifiedChannelHandler
in this pipeline.ChannelHandlerContext
context(Class<? extends ChannelHandler> handlerType)
Returns the context object of theChannelHandler
of the specified type in this pipeline.ChannelHandlerContext
context(String name)
Returns the context object of theChannelHandler
with the specified name in this pipeline.ChannelPipeline
fireChannelActive()
AChannel
is active now, which means it is connected.ChannelPipeline
fireChannelExceptionCaught(Throwable cause)
ChannelPipeline
fireChannelInactive()
AChannel
is inactive now, which means it is closed.ChannelPipeline
fireChannelInboundEvent(Object event)
AChannel
received a custom defined inbound event.ChannelPipeline
fireChannelRead(Object msg)
AChannel
received a message.ChannelPipeline
fireChannelReadComplete()
Triggers anChannelHandler.channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext)
event to the nextChannelHandler
in theChannelPipeline
.ChannelPipeline
fireChannelRegistered()
ChannelPipeline
fireChannelShutdown(ChannelShutdownDirection direction)
AChannel
was shutdown in a specific direction.ChannelPipeline
fireChannelUnregistered()
ChannelPipeline
fireChannelWritabilityChanged()
Triggers anChannelHandler.channelWritabilityChanged(ChannelHandlerContext)
event to the nextChannelHandler
in theChannelPipeline
.default ChannelHandler
first()
Returns the firstChannelHandler
in this pipeline.ChannelHandlerContext
firstContext()
Returns the context of the firstChannelHandler
in this pipeline.ChannelPipeline
flush()
Request to flush all pending messages via this ChannelOutboundInvoker.<T extends ChannelHandler>
Tget(Class<T> handlerType)
Returns theChannelHandler
of the specified type in this pipeline.ChannelHandler
get(String name)
Returns theChannelHandler
with the specified name in this pipeline.default boolean
isEmpty()
default ChannelHandler
last()
Returns the lastChannelHandler
in this pipeline.ChannelHandlerContext
lastContext()
Returns the context of the lastChannelHandler
in this pipeline.default List<String>
names()
Returns theList
of the handler names.long
pendingOutboundBytes()
The number of the outbound bytes that are buffered / queued in thisChannelPipeline
.default ChannelPipeline
remove(ChannelHandler handler)
Removes the specifiedChannelHandler
from this pipeline.default <T extends ChannelHandler>
Tremove(Class<T> handlerType)
Removes theChannelHandler
of the specified type from this pipeline.default ChannelHandler
remove(String name)
Removes theChannelHandler
with the specified name from this pipeline.ChannelHandler
removeFirst()
Removes the firstChannelHandler
in this pipeline.<T extends ChannelHandler>
TremoveIfExists(ChannelHandler handler)
Removes the specifiedChannelHandler
from this pipeline if it exists<T extends ChannelHandler>
TremoveIfExists(Class<T> handlerType)
Removes theChannelHandler
of the specified type from this pipeline if it exists.<T extends ChannelHandler>
TremoveIfExists(String name)
Removes theChannelHandler
with the specified name from this pipeline if it exists.ChannelHandler
removeLast()
Removes the lastChannelHandler
in this pipeline.ChannelPipeline
replace(ChannelHandler oldHandler, String newName, ChannelHandler newHandler)
Replaces the specifiedChannelHandler
with a new handler in this pipeline.<T extends ChannelHandler>
Treplace(Class<T> oldHandlerType, String newName, ChannelHandler newHandler)
Replaces theChannelHandler
of the specified type with a new handler in this pipeline.ChannelHandler
replace(String oldName, String newName, ChannelHandler newHandler)
Replaces theChannelHandler
of the specified name with a new handler in this pipeline.Map<String,ChannelHandler>
toMap()
Converts this pipeline into an orderedMap
whose keys are handler names and whose values are handlers.-
Methods inherited from interface io.netty5.channel.ChannelOutboundInvoker
bind, close, connect, connect, deregister, disconnect, executor, newFailedFuture, newPromise, newSucceededFuture, newSucceededFuture, read, register, sendOutboundEvent, shutdown, write, writeAndFlush
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Methods inherited from interface java.lang.Iterable
forEach, iterator, spliterator
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Method Detail
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addFirst
ChannelPipeline addFirst(String name, ChannelHandler handler)
Inserts aChannelHandler
at the first position of this pipeline.- Parameters:
name
- the name of the handler to insert firsthandler
- the handler to insert first- Throws:
IllegalArgumentException
- if there's an entry with the same name already in the pipelineNullPointerException
- if the specified handler isnull
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addLast
ChannelPipeline addLast(String name, ChannelHandler handler)
Appends aChannelHandler
at the last position of this pipeline.- Parameters:
name
- the name of the handler to appendhandler
- the handler to append- Throws:
IllegalArgumentException
- if there's an entry with the same name already in the pipelineNullPointerException
- if the specified handler isnull
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addBefore
ChannelPipeline addBefore(String baseName, String name, ChannelHandler handler)
Inserts aChannelHandler
before an existing handler of this pipeline.- Parameters:
baseName
- the name of the existing handlername
- the name of the handler to insert beforehandler
- the handler to insert before- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if there's no such entry with the specifiedbaseName
IllegalArgumentException
- if there's an entry with the same name already in the pipelineNullPointerException
- if the specified baseName or handler isnull
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addAfter
ChannelPipeline addAfter(String baseName, String name, ChannelHandler handler)
Inserts aChannelHandler
after an existing handler of this pipeline.- Parameters:
baseName
- the name of the existing handlername
- the name of the handler to insert afterhandler
- the handler to insert after- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if there's no such entry with the specifiedbaseName
IllegalArgumentException
- if there's an entry with the same name already in the pipelineNullPointerException
- if the specified baseName or handler isnull
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addFirst
ChannelPipeline addFirst(ChannelHandler... handlers)
InsertsChannelHandler
s at the first position of this pipeline.null
handlers will be skipped.- Parameters:
handlers
- the handlers to insert first
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addLast
ChannelPipeline addLast(ChannelHandler... handlers)
InsertsChannelHandler
s at the last position of this pipeline.null
handlers will be skipped.- Parameters:
handlers
- the handlers to insert last
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remove
default ChannelPipeline remove(ChannelHandler handler)
Removes the specifiedChannelHandler
from this pipeline.- Parameters:
handler
- theChannelHandler
to remove- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if there's no such handler in this pipelineNullPointerException
- if the specified handler isnull
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remove
default ChannelHandler remove(String name)
Removes theChannelHandler
with the specified name from this pipeline.- Parameters:
name
- the name under which theChannelHandler
was stored.- Returns:
- the removed handler
- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if there's no such handler with the specified name in this pipelineNullPointerException
- if the specified name isnull
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remove
default <T extends ChannelHandler> T remove(Class<T> handlerType)
Removes theChannelHandler
of the specified type from this pipeline.- Type Parameters:
T
- the type of the handler- Parameters:
handlerType
- the type of the handler- Returns:
- the removed handler
- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if there's no such handler of the specified type in this pipelineNullPointerException
- if the specified handler type isnull
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removeIfExists
<T extends ChannelHandler> T removeIfExists(String name)
Removes theChannelHandler
with the specified name from this pipeline if it exists.- Parameters:
name
- the name under which theChannelHandler
was stored.- Returns:
- the removed handler
- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if there's no such handler with the specified name in this pipelineNullPointerException
- if the specified name isnull
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removeIfExists
<T extends ChannelHandler> T removeIfExists(Class<T> handlerType)
Removes theChannelHandler
of the specified type from this pipeline if it exists.- Type Parameters:
T
- the type of the handler- Parameters:
handlerType
- the type of the handler- Returns:
- the removed handler or
null
if it didn't exist. - Throws:
NullPointerException
- if the specified handler type isnull
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removeIfExists
<T extends ChannelHandler> T removeIfExists(ChannelHandler handler)
Removes the specifiedChannelHandler
from this pipeline if it exists- Parameters:
handler
- theChannelHandler
to remove- Returns:
- the removed handler or
null
if it didn't exist. - Throws:
NullPointerException
- if the specified handler isnull
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removeFirst
ChannelHandler removeFirst()
Removes the firstChannelHandler
in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the removed handler
- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if this pipeline is empty
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removeLast
ChannelHandler removeLast()
Removes the lastChannelHandler
in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the removed handler
- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if this pipeline is empty
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replace
ChannelPipeline replace(ChannelHandler oldHandler, String newName, ChannelHandler newHandler)
Replaces the specifiedChannelHandler
with a new handler in this pipeline.- Parameters:
oldHandler
- theChannelHandler
to be replacednewName
- the name under which the replacement should be addednewHandler
- theChannelHandler
which is used as replacement- Returns:
- itself
- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if the specified old handler does not exist in this pipelineIllegalArgumentException
- if a handler with the specified new name already exists in this pipeline, except for the handler to be replacedNullPointerException
- if the specified old handler or new handler isnull
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replace
ChannelHandler replace(String oldName, String newName, ChannelHandler newHandler)
Replaces theChannelHandler
of the specified name with a new handler in this pipeline.- Parameters:
oldName
- the name of theChannelHandler
to be replacednewName
- the name under which the replacement should be addednewHandler
- theChannelHandler
which is used as replacement- Returns:
- the removed handler
- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if the handler with the specified old name does not exist in this pipelineIllegalArgumentException
- if a handler with the specified new name already exists in this pipeline, except for the handler to be replacedNullPointerException
- if the specified old handler or new handler isnull
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replace
<T extends ChannelHandler> T replace(Class<T> oldHandlerType, String newName, ChannelHandler newHandler)
Replaces theChannelHandler
of the specified type with a new handler in this pipeline.- Parameters:
oldHandlerType
- the type of the handler to be removednewName
- the name under which the replacement should be addednewHandler
- theChannelHandler
which is used as replacement- Returns:
- the removed handler
- Throws:
NoSuchElementException
- if the handler of the specified old handler type does not exist in this pipelineIllegalArgumentException
- if a handler with the specified new name already exists in this pipeline, except for the handler to be replacedNullPointerException
- if the specified old handler or new handler isnull
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first
default ChannelHandler first()
Returns the firstChannelHandler
in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the first handler.
null
if this pipeline is empty.
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firstContext
ChannelHandlerContext firstContext()
Returns the context of the firstChannelHandler
in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the context of the first handler.
null
if this pipeline is empty.
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last
default ChannelHandler last()
Returns the lastChannelHandler
in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the last handler.
null
if this pipeline is empty.
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lastContext
ChannelHandlerContext lastContext()
Returns the context of the lastChannelHandler
in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the context of the last handler.
null
if this pipeline is empty.
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isEmpty
default boolean isEmpty()
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get
ChannelHandler get(String name)
Returns theChannelHandler
with the specified name in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the handler with the specified name.
null
if there's no such handler in this pipeline.
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get
<T extends ChannelHandler> T get(Class<T> handlerType)
Returns theChannelHandler
of the specified type in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the handler of the specified handler type.
null
if there's no such handler in this pipeline.
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context
ChannelHandlerContext context(ChannelHandler handler)
Returns the context object of the specifiedChannelHandler
in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the context object of the specified handler.
null
if there's no such handler in this pipeline.
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context
ChannelHandlerContext context(String name)
Returns the context object of theChannelHandler
with the specified name in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the context object of the handler with the specified name.
null
if there's no such handler in this pipeline.
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context
ChannelHandlerContext context(Class<? extends ChannelHandler> handlerType)
Returns the context object of theChannelHandler
of the specified type in this pipeline.- Returns:
- the context object of the handler of the specified type.
null
if there's no such handler in this pipeline.
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channel
Channel channel()
Returns theChannel
that this pipeline is attached to.- Returns:
- the channel.
null
if this pipeline is not attached yet.
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toMap
Map<String,ChannelHandler> toMap()
Converts this pipeline into an orderedMap
whose keys are handler names and whose values are handlers.
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fireChannelRegistered
ChannelPipeline fireChannelRegistered()
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
AChannel
was registered to itsEventLoop
. This will result in having theChannelHandler.channelRegistered(ChannelHandlerContext)
method called of the nextChannelHandler
contained in theChannelPipeline
of theChannel
.- Specified by:
fireChannelRegistered
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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fireChannelUnregistered
ChannelPipeline fireChannelUnregistered()
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
AChannel
was unregistered from itsEventLoop
. This will result in having theChannelHandler.channelUnregistered(ChannelHandlerContext)
method called of the nextChannelHandler
contained in theChannelPipeline
of theChannel
.- Specified by:
fireChannelUnregistered
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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fireChannelActive
ChannelPipeline fireChannelActive()
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
AChannel
is active now, which means it is connected. This will result in having theChannelHandler.channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext)
method called of the nextChannelHandler
contained in theChannelPipeline
of theChannel
.- Specified by:
fireChannelActive
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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fireChannelInactive
ChannelPipeline fireChannelInactive()
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
AChannel
is inactive now, which means it is closed. This will result in having theChannelHandler.channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext)
method called of the nextChannelHandler
contained in theChannelPipeline
of theChannel
.- Specified by:
fireChannelInactive
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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fireChannelShutdown
ChannelPipeline fireChannelShutdown(ChannelShutdownDirection direction)
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
AChannel
was shutdown in a specific direction. This will result in having theChannelHandler.channelShutdown(ChannelHandlerContext, ChannelShutdownDirection)
method called of the nextChannelHandler
contained in theChannelPipeline
of theChannel
.- Specified by:
fireChannelShutdown
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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fireChannelExceptionCaught
ChannelPipeline fireChannelExceptionCaught(Throwable cause)
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
AChannel
received anThrowable
in one of its inbound operations. This will result in having theChannelHandler.channelExceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext, Throwable)
method called of the nextChannelHandler
contained in theChannelPipeline
of theChannel
.- Specified by:
fireChannelExceptionCaught
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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fireChannelInboundEvent
ChannelPipeline fireChannelInboundEvent(Object event)
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
AChannel
received a custom defined inbound event. This will result in having theChannelHandler.channelInboundEvent(ChannelHandlerContext, Object)
method called of the nextChannelHandler
contained in theChannelPipeline
of theChannel
.- Specified by:
fireChannelInboundEvent
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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fireChannelRead
ChannelPipeline fireChannelRead(Object msg)
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
AChannel
received a message. This will result in having theChannelHandler.channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext, Object)
method called of the nextChannelHandler
contained in theChannelPipeline
of theChannel
.- Specified by:
fireChannelRead
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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fireChannelReadComplete
ChannelPipeline fireChannelReadComplete()
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
Triggers anChannelHandler.channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext)
event to the nextChannelHandler
in theChannelPipeline
.- Specified by:
fireChannelReadComplete
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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fireChannelWritabilityChanged
ChannelPipeline fireChannelWritabilityChanged()
Description copied from interface:ChannelInboundInvoker
Triggers anChannelHandler.channelWritabilityChanged(ChannelHandlerContext)
event to the nextChannelHandler
in theChannelPipeline
.- Specified by:
fireChannelWritabilityChanged
in interfaceChannelInboundInvoker
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flush
ChannelPipeline flush()
Description copied from interface:ChannelOutboundInvoker
Request to flush all pending messages via this ChannelOutboundInvoker.- Specified by:
flush
in interfaceChannelOutboundInvoker
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pendingOutboundBytes
long pendingOutboundBytes()
The number of the outbound bytes that are buffered / queued in thisChannelPipeline
. This number will affect the writability of theChannel
together the buffered / queued bytes in theChannel
itself.- Returns:
- the number of buffered / queued bytes.
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