/*
    * Copyright 2022 The Netty Project
    *
    * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
    * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
    * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
    *
    *   https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
   * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
   * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
   * under the License.
   */
  package io.netty.buffer;
  
  import io.netty.util.ByteProcessor;
  import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
  import io.netty.util.IllegalReferenceCountException;
  import io.netty.util.NettyRuntime;
  import io.netty.util.Recycler;
  import io.netty.util.Recycler.EnhancedHandle;
  import io.netty.util.ReferenceCounted;
  import io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocal;
  import io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalThread;
  import io.netty.util.concurrent.MpscIntQueue;
  import io.netty.util.internal.AtomicReferenceCountUpdater;
  import io.netty.util.internal.ObjectPool;
  import io.netty.util.internal.ObjectUtil;
  import io.netty.util.internal.PlatformDependent;
  import io.netty.util.internal.ReferenceCountUpdater;
  import io.netty.util.internal.SystemPropertyUtil;
  import io.netty.util.internal.ThreadExecutorMap;
  import io.netty.util.internal.UnsafeReferenceCountUpdater;
  import io.netty.util.internal.UnstableApi;
  import io.netty.util.internal.VarHandleReferenceCountUpdater;
  
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
  import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
  import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
  import java.nio.ByteOrder;
  import java.nio.channels.ClosedChannelException;
  import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
  import java.nio.channels.GatheringByteChannel;
  import java.nio.channels.ScatteringByteChannel;
  import java.nio.charset.Charset;
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Queue;
  import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
  import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
  import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater;
  import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater;
  import java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder;
  import java.util.concurrent.locks.StampedLock;
  import java.util.function.IntSupplier;
  
  import static io.netty.util.internal.ReferenceCountUpdater.getUnsafeOffset;
  import static java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater;
  
  /**
   * An auto-tuning pooling allocator, that follows an anti-generational hypothesis.
   * <p>
   * The allocator is organized into a list of Magazines, and each magazine has a chunk-buffer that they allocate buffers
   * from.
   * <p>
   * The magazines hold the mutexes that ensure the thread-safety of the allocator, and each thread picks a magazine
   * based on the id of the thread. This spreads the contention of multi-threaded access across the magazines.
   * If contention is detected above a certain threshold, the number of magazines are increased in response to the
   * contention.
   * <p>
   * The magazines maintain histograms of the sizes of the allocations they do. The histograms are used to compute the
   * preferred chunk size. The preferred chunk size is one that is big enough to service 10 allocations of the
   * 99-percentile size. This way, the chunk size is adapted to the allocation patterns.
   * <p>
   * Computing the preferred chunk size is a somewhat expensive operation. Therefore, the frequency with which this is
   * done, is also adapted to the allocation pattern. If a newly computed preferred chunk is the same as the previous
   * preferred chunk size, then the frequency is reduced. Otherwise, the frequency is increased.
   * <p>
   * This allows the allocator to quickly respond to changes in the application workload,
   * without suffering undue overhead from maintaining its statistics.
   * <p>
   * Since magazines are "relatively thread-local", the allocator has a central queue that allow excess chunks from any
   * magazine, to be shared with other magazines.
   * The {@link #createSharedChunkQueue()} method can be overridden to customize this queue.
   */
  @UnstableApi
  final class AdaptivePoolingAllocator {
      /**
       * The 128 KiB minimum chunk size is chosen to encourage the system allocator to delegate to mmap for chunk
       * allocations. For instance, glibc will do this.
       * This pushes any fragmentation from chunk size deviations off physical memory, onto virtual memory,
       * which is a much, much larger space. Chunks are also allocated in whole multiples of the minimum
       * chunk size, which itself is a whole multiple of popular page sizes like 4 KiB, 16 KiB, and 64 KiB.
       */
      static final int MIN_CHUNK_SIZE = 128 * 1024;
     private static final int EXPANSION_ATTEMPTS = 3;
     private static final int INITIAL_MAGAZINES = 1;
     private static final int RETIRE_CAPACITY = 256;
     private static final int MAX_STRIPES = NettyRuntime.availableProcessors() * 2;
     private static final int BUFS_PER_CHUNK = 8; // For large buffers, aim to have about this many buffers per chunk.
 
     /**
      * The maximum size of a pooled chunk, in bytes. Allocations bigger than this will never be pooled.
      * <p>
      * This number is 8 MiB, and is derived from the limitations of internal histograms.
      */
     private static final int MAX_CHUNK_SIZE = 8 * 1024 * 1024; // 8 MiB.
     private static final int MAX_POOLED_BUF_SIZE = MAX_CHUNK_SIZE / BUFS_PER_CHUNK;
 
     /**
      * The capacity if the chunk reuse queues, that allow chunks to be shared across magazines in a group.
      * The default size is twice {@link NettyRuntime#availableProcessors()},
      * same as the maximum number of magazines per magazine group.
      */
     private static final int CHUNK_REUSE_QUEUE = Math.max(2, SystemPropertyUtil.getInt(
             "io.netty.allocator.chunkReuseQueueCapacity", NettyRuntime.availableProcessors() * 2));
 
     /**
      * The capacity if the magazine local buffer queue. This queue just pools the outer ByteBuf instance and not
      * the actual memory and so helps to reduce GC pressure.
      */
     private static final int MAGAZINE_BUFFER_QUEUE_CAPACITY = SystemPropertyUtil.getInt(
             "io.netty.allocator.magazineBufferQueueCapacity", 1024);
 
     /**
      * The size classes are chosen based on the following observation:
      * <p>
      * Most allocations, particularly ones above 256 bytes, aim to be a power-of-2. However, many use cases, such
      * as framing protocols, are themselves operating or moving power-of-2 sized payloads, to which they add a
      * small amount of overhead, such as headers or checksums.
      * This means we seem to get a lot of mileage out of having both power-of-2 sizes, and power-of-2-plus-a-bit.
      * <p>
      * On the conflicting requirements of both having as few chunks as possible, and having as little wasted
      * memory within each chunk as possible, this seems to strike a surprisingly good balance for the use cases
      * tested so far.
      */
     private static final int[] SIZE_CLASSES = {
             32,
             64,
             128,
             256,
             512,
             640, // 512 + 128
             1024,
             1152, // 1024 + 128
             2048,
             2304, // 2048 + 256
             4096,
             4352, // 4096 + 256
             8192,
             8704, // 8192 + 512
             16384,
             16896, // 16384 + 512
     };
 
     private static final int SIZE_CLASSES_COUNT = SIZE_CLASSES.length;
     private static final byte[] SIZE_INDEXES = new byte[(SIZE_CLASSES[SIZE_CLASSES_COUNT - 1] / 32) + 1];
 
     static {
         if (MAGAZINE_BUFFER_QUEUE_CAPACITY < 2) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException("MAGAZINE_BUFFER_QUEUE_CAPACITY: " + MAGAZINE_BUFFER_QUEUE_CAPACITY
                     + " (expected: >= " + 2 + ')');
         }
         int lastIndex = 0;
         for (int i = 0; i < SIZE_CLASSES_COUNT; i++) {
             int sizeClass = SIZE_CLASSES[i];
             //noinspection ConstantValue
             assert (sizeClass & 5) == 0 : "Size class must be a multiple of 32";
             int sizeIndex = sizeIndexOf(sizeClass);
             Arrays.fill(SIZE_INDEXES, lastIndex + 1, sizeIndex + 1, (byte) i);
             lastIndex = sizeIndex;
         }
     }
 
     private final ChunkAllocator chunkAllocator;
     private final ChunkRegistry chunkRegistry;
     private final MagazineGroup[] sizeClassedMagazineGroups;
     private final MagazineGroup largeBufferMagazineGroup;
     private final FastThreadLocal<MagazineGroup[]> threadLocalGroup;
 
     AdaptivePoolingAllocator(ChunkAllocator chunkAllocator, boolean useCacheForNonEventLoopThreads) {
         this.chunkAllocator = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(chunkAllocator, "chunkAllocator");
         chunkRegistry = new ChunkRegistry();
         sizeClassedMagazineGroups = createMagazineGroupSizeClasses(this, false);
         largeBufferMagazineGroup = new MagazineGroup(
                 this, chunkAllocator, new HistogramChunkControllerFactory(true), false);
 
         threadLocalGroup = new FastThreadLocal<MagazineGroup[]>() {
             @Override
             protected MagazineGroup[] initialValue() {
                 if (useCacheForNonEventLoopThreads || ThreadExecutorMap.currentExecutor() != null) {
                     return createMagazineGroupSizeClasses(AdaptivePoolingAllocator.this, true);
                 }
                 return null;
             }
 
             @Override
             protected void onRemoval(final MagazineGroup[] groups) throws Exception {
                 if (groups != null) {
                     for (MagazineGroup group : groups) {
                         group.free();
                     }
                 }
             }
         };
     }
 
     private static MagazineGroup[] createMagazineGroupSizeClasses(
             AdaptivePoolingAllocator allocator, boolean isThreadLocal) {
         MagazineGroup[] groups = new MagazineGroup[SIZE_CLASSES.length];
         for (int i = 0; i < SIZE_CLASSES.length; i++) {
             int segmentSize = SIZE_CLASSES[i];
             groups[i] = new MagazineGroup(allocator, allocator.chunkAllocator,
                     new SizeClassChunkControllerFactory(segmentSize), isThreadLocal);
         }
         return groups;
     }
 
     /**
      * Create a thread-safe multi-producer, multi-consumer queue to hold chunks that spill over from the
      * internal Magazines.
      * <p>
      * Each Magazine can only hold two chunks at any one time: the chunk it currently allocates from,
      * and the next-in-line chunk which will be used for allocation once the current one has been used up.
      * This queue will be used by magazines to share any excess chunks they allocate, so that they don't need to
      * allocate new chunks when their current and next-in-line chunks have both been used up.
      * <p>
      * The simplest implementation of this method is to return a new {@link ConcurrentLinkedQueue}.
      * However, the {@code CLQ} is unbounded, and this means there's no limit to how many chunks can be cached in this
      * queue.
      * <p>
      * Each chunk in this queue can be up to {@link #MAX_CHUNK_SIZE} in size, so it is recommended to use a bounded
      * queue to limit the maximum memory usage.
      * <p>
      * The default implementation will create a bounded queue with a capacity of {@link #CHUNK_REUSE_QUEUE}.
      *
      * @return A new multi-producer, multi-consumer queue.
      */
     private static Queue<Chunk> createSharedChunkQueue() {
         return PlatformDependent.newFixedMpmcQueue(CHUNK_REUSE_QUEUE);
     }
 
     ByteBuf allocate(int size, int maxCapacity) {
         return allocate(size, maxCapacity, Thread.currentThread(), null);
     }
 
     private AdaptiveByteBuf allocate(int size, int maxCapacity, Thread currentThread, AdaptiveByteBuf buf) {
         AdaptiveByteBuf allocated = null;
         if (size <= MAX_POOLED_BUF_SIZE) {
             final int index = sizeClassIndexOf(size);
             MagazineGroup[] magazineGroups;
             if (!FastThreadLocalThread.currentThreadWillCleanupFastThreadLocals() ||
                     (magazineGroups = threadLocalGroup.get()) == null) {
                 magazineGroups =  sizeClassedMagazineGroups;
             }
             if (index < magazineGroups.length) {
                 allocated = magazineGroups[index].allocate(size, maxCapacity, currentThread, buf);
             } else {
                 allocated = largeBufferMagazineGroup.allocate(size, maxCapacity, currentThread, buf);
             }
         }
         if (allocated == null) {
             allocated = allocateFallback(size, maxCapacity, currentThread, buf);
         }
         return allocated;
     }
 
     private static int sizeIndexOf(final int size) {
         // this is aligning the size to the next multiple of 32 and dividing by 32 to get the size index.
         return size + 31 >> 5;
     }
 
     static int sizeClassIndexOf(int size) {
         int sizeIndex = sizeIndexOf(size);
         if (sizeIndex < SIZE_INDEXES.length) {
             return SIZE_INDEXES[sizeIndex];
         }
         return SIZE_CLASSES_COUNT;
     }
 
     static int[] getSizeClasses() {
         return SIZE_CLASSES.clone();
     }
 
     private AdaptiveByteBuf allocateFallback(int size, int maxCapacity, Thread currentThread,
                                              AdaptiveByteBuf buf) {
         // If we don't already have a buffer, obtain one from the most conveniently available magazine.
         Magazine magazine;
         if (buf != null) {
             Chunk chunk = buf.chunk;
             if (chunk == null || chunk == Magazine.MAGAZINE_FREED || (magazine = chunk.currentMagazine()) == null) {
                 magazine = getFallbackMagazine(currentThread);
             }
         } else {
             magazine = getFallbackMagazine(currentThread);
             buf = magazine.newBuffer();
         }
         // Create a one-off chunk for this allocation.
         AbstractByteBuf innerChunk = chunkAllocator.allocate(size, maxCapacity);
         Chunk chunk = new Chunk(innerChunk, magazine, false, chunkSize -> true);
         chunkRegistry.add(chunk);
         try {
             chunk.readInitInto(buf, size, size, maxCapacity);
         } finally {
             // As the chunk is an one-off we need to always call release explicitly as readInitInto(...)
             // will take care of retain once when successful. Once The AdaptiveByteBuf is released it will
             // completely release the Chunk and so the contained innerChunk.
             chunk.release();
         }
         return buf;
     }
 
     private Magazine getFallbackMagazine(Thread currentThread) {
         Magazine[] mags = largeBufferMagazineGroup.magazines;
         return mags[(int) currentThread.getId() & mags.length - 1];
     }
 
     /**
      * Allocate into the given buffer. Used by {@link AdaptiveByteBuf#capacity(int)}.
      */
     void reallocate(int size, int maxCapacity, AdaptiveByteBuf into) {
         AdaptiveByteBuf result = allocate(size, maxCapacity, Thread.currentThread(), into);
         assert result == into: "Re-allocation created separate buffer instance";
     }
 
     long usedMemory() {
         return chunkRegistry.totalCapacity();
     }
 
     // Ensure that we release all previous pooled resources when this object is finalized. This is needed as otherwise
     // we might end up with leaks. While these leaks are usually harmless in reality it would still at least be
     // very confusing for users.
     @SuppressWarnings({"FinalizeDeclaration", "deprecation"})
     @Override
     protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
         try {
             super.finalize();
         } finally {
             free();
         }
     }
 
     private void free() {
         largeBufferMagazineGroup.free();
     }
 
     static int sizeToBucket(int size) {
         return HistogramChunkController.sizeToBucket(size);
     }
 
     private static final class MagazineGroup {
         private final AdaptivePoolingAllocator allocator;
         private final ChunkAllocator chunkAllocator;
         private final ChunkControllerFactory chunkControllerFactory;
         private final Queue<Chunk> chunkReuseQueue;
         private final StampedLock magazineExpandLock;
         private final Magazine threadLocalMagazine;
         private volatile Magazine[] magazines;
         private volatile boolean freed;
 
         MagazineGroup(AdaptivePoolingAllocator allocator,
                       ChunkAllocator chunkAllocator,
                       ChunkControllerFactory chunkControllerFactory,
                       boolean isThreadLocal) {
             this.allocator = allocator;
             this.chunkAllocator = chunkAllocator;
             this.chunkControllerFactory = chunkControllerFactory;
             chunkReuseQueue = createSharedChunkQueue();
             if (isThreadLocal) {
                 magazineExpandLock = null;
                 threadLocalMagazine = new Magazine(this, false, chunkReuseQueue, chunkControllerFactory.create(this));
             } else {
                 magazineExpandLock = new StampedLock();
                 threadLocalMagazine = null;
                 Magazine[] mags = new Magazine[INITIAL_MAGAZINES];
                 for (int i = 0; i < mags.length; i++) {
                     mags[i] = new Magazine(this, true, chunkReuseQueue, chunkControllerFactory.create(this));
                 }
                 magazines = mags;
             }
         }
 
         public AdaptiveByteBuf allocate(int size, int maxCapacity, Thread currentThread, AdaptiveByteBuf buf) {
             boolean reallocate = buf != null;
 
             // Path for thread-local allocation.
             Magazine tlMag = threadLocalMagazine;
             if (tlMag != null) {
                 if (buf == null) {
                     buf = tlMag.newBuffer();
                 }
                 boolean allocated = tlMag.tryAllocate(size, maxCapacity, buf, reallocate);
                 assert allocated : "Allocation of threadLocalMagazine must always succeed";
                 return buf;
             }
 
             // Path for concurrent allocation.
             long threadId = currentThread.getId();
             Magazine[] mags;
             int expansions = 0;
             do {
                 mags = magazines;
                 int mask = mags.length - 1;
                 int index = (int) (threadId & mask);
                 for (int i = 0, m = mags.length << 1; i < m; i++) {
                     Magazine mag = mags[index + i & mask];
                     if (buf == null) {
                         buf = mag.newBuffer();
                     }
                     if (mag.tryAllocate(size, maxCapacity, buf, reallocate)) {
                         // Was able to allocate.
                         return buf;
                     }
                 }
                 expansions++;
             } while (expansions <= EXPANSION_ATTEMPTS && tryExpandMagazines(mags.length));
 
             // The magazines failed us; contention too high and we don't want to spend more effort expanding the array.
             if (!reallocate && buf != null) {
                 buf.release(); // Release the previously claimed buffer before we return.
             }
             return null;
         }
 
         private boolean tryExpandMagazines(int currentLength) {
             if (currentLength >= MAX_STRIPES) {
                 return true;
             }
             final Magazine[] mags;
             long writeLock = magazineExpandLock.tryWriteLock();
             if (writeLock != 0) {
                 try {
                     mags = magazines;
                     if (mags.length >= MAX_STRIPES || mags.length > currentLength || freed) {
                         return true;
                     }
                     Magazine firstMagazine = mags[0];
                     Magazine[] expanded = new Magazine[mags.length * 2];
                     for (int i = 0, l = expanded.length; i < l; i++) {
                         Magazine m = new Magazine(this, true, chunkReuseQueue, chunkControllerFactory.create(this));
                         firstMagazine.initializeSharedStateIn(m);
                         expanded[i] = m;
                     }
                     magazines = expanded;
                 } finally {
                     magazineExpandLock.unlockWrite(writeLock);
                 }
                 for (Magazine magazine : mags) {
                     magazine.free();
                 }
             }
             return true;
         }
 
         boolean offerToQueue(Chunk buffer) {
             if (freed) {
                 return false;
             }
 
             boolean isAdded = chunkReuseQueue.offer(buffer);
             if (freed && isAdded) {
                 // Help to free the reuse queue.
                 freeChunkReuseQueue();
             }
             return isAdded;
         }
 
         private void free() {
             freed = true;
             if (threadLocalMagazine != null) {
                 threadLocalMagazine.free();
             } else {
                 long stamp = magazineExpandLock.writeLock();
                 try {
                     Magazine[] mags = magazines;
                     for (Magazine magazine : mags) {
                         magazine.free();
                     }
                 } finally {
                     magazineExpandLock.unlockWrite(stamp);
                 }
             }
             freeChunkReuseQueue();
         }
 
         private void freeChunkReuseQueue() {
             for (;;) {
                 Chunk chunk = chunkReuseQueue.poll();
                 if (chunk == null) {
                     break;
                 }
                 chunk.release();
             }
         }
     }
 
     private interface ChunkControllerFactory {
         ChunkController create(MagazineGroup group);
     }
 
     private interface ChunkController {
         /**
          * Compute the "fast max capacity" value for the buffer.
          */
         int computeBufferCapacity(int requestedSize, int maxCapacity, boolean isReallocation);
 
         /**
          * Initialize the given chunk factory with shared statistics state (if any) from this factory.
          */
         void initializeSharedStateIn(ChunkController chunkController);
 
         /**
          * Allocate a new {@link Chunk} for the given {@link Magazine}.
          */
         Chunk newChunkAllocation(int promptingSize, Magazine magazine);
     }
 
     private interface ChunkReleasePredicate {
         boolean shouldReleaseChunk(int chunkSize);
     }
 
     private static final class SizeClassChunkControllerFactory implements ChunkControllerFactory {
         // To amortize activation/deactivation of chunks, we should have a minimum number of segments per chunk.
         // We choose 32 because it seems neither too small nor too big.
         // For segments of 16 KiB, the chunks will be half a megabyte.
         private static final int MIN_SEGMENTS_PER_CHUNK = 32;
         private final int segmentSize;
         private final int chunkSize;
         private final int[] segmentOffsets;
 
         private SizeClassChunkControllerFactory(int segmentSize) {
             this.segmentSize = ObjectUtil.checkPositive(segmentSize, "segmentSize");
             chunkSize = Math.max(MIN_CHUNK_SIZE, segmentSize * MIN_SEGMENTS_PER_CHUNK);
             int segmentsCount = chunkSize / segmentSize;
             segmentOffsets = new int[segmentsCount];
             for (int i = 0; i < segmentsCount; i++) {
                 segmentOffsets[i] = i * segmentSize;
             }
         }
 
         @Override
         public ChunkController create(MagazineGroup group) {
             return new SizeClassChunkController(group, segmentSize, chunkSize, segmentOffsets);
         }
     }
 
     private static final class SizeClassChunkController implements ChunkController {
 
         private final ChunkAllocator chunkAllocator;
         private final int segmentSize;
         private final int chunkSize;
         private final ChunkRegistry chunkRegistry;
         private final int[] segmentOffsets;
 
         private SizeClassChunkController(MagazineGroup group, int segmentSize, int chunkSize, int[] segmentOffsets) {
             chunkAllocator = group.chunkAllocator;
             this.segmentSize = segmentSize;
             this.chunkSize = chunkSize;
             chunkRegistry = group.allocator.chunkRegistry;
             this.segmentOffsets = segmentOffsets;
         }
 
         @Override
         public int computeBufferCapacity(
                 int requestedSize, int maxCapacity, boolean isReallocation) {
             return Math.min(segmentSize, maxCapacity);
         }
 
         @Override
         public void initializeSharedStateIn(ChunkController chunkController) {
             // NOOP
         }
 
         @Override
         public Chunk newChunkAllocation(int promptingSize, Magazine magazine) {
             AbstractByteBuf chunkBuffer = chunkAllocator.allocate(chunkSize, chunkSize);
             assert chunkBuffer.capacity() == chunkSize;
             SizeClassedChunk chunk = new SizeClassedChunk(chunkBuffer, magazine, true,
                     segmentSize, segmentOffsets, size -> false);
             chunkRegistry.add(chunk);
             return chunk;
         }
     }
 
     private static final class HistogramChunkControllerFactory implements ChunkControllerFactory {
         private final boolean shareable;
 
         private HistogramChunkControllerFactory(boolean shareable) {
             this.shareable = shareable;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ChunkController create(MagazineGroup group) {
             return new HistogramChunkController(group, shareable);
         }
     }
 
     private static final class HistogramChunkController implements ChunkController, ChunkReleasePredicate {
         private static final int MIN_DATUM_TARGET = 1024;
         private static final int MAX_DATUM_TARGET = 65534;
         private static final int INIT_DATUM_TARGET = 9;
         private static final int HISTO_BUCKET_COUNT = 16;
         private static final int[] HISTO_BUCKETS = {
                 16 * 1024,
                 24 * 1024,
                 32 * 1024,
                 48 * 1024,
                 64 * 1024,
                 96 * 1024,
                 128 * 1024,
                 192 * 1024,
                 256 * 1024,
                 384 * 1024,
                 512 * 1024,
                 768 * 1024,
                 1024 * 1024,
                 1792 * 1024,
                 2048 * 1024,
                 3072 * 1024
         };
 
         private final MagazineGroup group;
         private final boolean shareable;
         private final short[][] histos = {
                 new short[HISTO_BUCKET_COUNT], new short[HISTO_BUCKET_COUNT],
                 new short[HISTO_BUCKET_COUNT], new short[HISTO_BUCKET_COUNT],
         };
         private final ChunkRegistry chunkRegistry;
         private short[] histo = histos[0];
         private final int[] sums = new int[HISTO_BUCKET_COUNT];
 
         private int histoIndex;
         private int datumCount;
         private int datumTarget = INIT_DATUM_TARGET;
         private boolean hasHadRotation;
         private volatile int sharedPrefChunkSize = MIN_CHUNK_SIZE;
         private volatile int localPrefChunkSize = MIN_CHUNK_SIZE;
         private volatile int localUpperBufSize;
 
         private HistogramChunkController(MagazineGroup group, boolean shareable) {
             this.group = group;
             this.shareable = shareable;
             chunkRegistry = group.allocator.chunkRegistry;
         }
 
         @Override
         public int computeBufferCapacity(
                 int requestedSize, int maxCapacity, boolean isReallocation) {
             if (!isReallocation) {
                 // Only record allocation size if it's not caused by a reallocation that was triggered by capacity
                 // change of the buffer.
                 recordAllocationSize(requestedSize);
             }
 
             // Predict starting capacity from localUpperBufSize, but place limits on the max starting capacity
             // based on the requested size, because localUpperBufSize can potentially be quite large.
             int startCapLimits;
             if (requestedSize <= 32768) { // Less than or equal to 32 KiB.
                 startCapLimits = 65536; // Use at most 64 KiB, which is also the AdaptiveRecvByteBufAllocator max.
             } else {
                 startCapLimits = requestedSize * 2; // Otherwise use at most twice the requested memory.
             }
             int startingCapacity = Math.min(startCapLimits, localUpperBufSize);
             startingCapacity = Math.max(requestedSize, Math.min(maxCapacity, startingCapacity));
             return startingCapacity;
         }
 
         private void recordAllocationSize(int bufferSizeToRecord) {
             // Use the preserved size from the reused AdaptiveByteBuf, if available.
             // Otherwise, use the requested buffer size.
             // This way, we better take into account
             if (bufferSizeToRecord == 0) {
                 return;
             }
             int bucket = sizeToBucket(bufferSizeToRecord);
             histo[bucket]++;
             if (datumCount++ == datumTarget) {
                 rotateHistograms();
             }
         }
 
         static int sizeToBucket(int size) {
             int index = binarySearchInsertionPoint(Arrays.binarySearch(HISTO_BUCKETS, size));
             return index >= HISTO_BUCKETS.length ? HISTO_BUCKETS.length - 1 : index;
         }
 
         private static int binarySearchInsertionPoint(int index) {
             if (index < 0) {
                 index = -(index + 1);
             }
             return index;
         }
 
         static int bucketToSize(int sizeBucket) {
             return HISTO_BUCKETS[sizeBucket];
         }
 
         private void rotateHistograms() {
             short[][] hs = histos;
             for (int i = 0; i < HISTO_BUCKET_COUNT; i++) {
                 sums[i] = (hs[0][i] & 0xFFFF) + (hs[1][i] & 0xFFFF) + (hs[2][i] & 0xFFFF) + (hs[3][i] & 0xFFFF);
             }
             int sum = 0;
             for (int count : sums) {
                 sum  += count;
             }
             int targetPercentile = (int) (sum * 0.99);
             int sizeBucket = 0;
             for (; sizeBucket < sums.length; sizeBucket++) {
                 if (sums[sizeBucket] > targetPercentile) {
                     break;
                 }
                 targetPercentile -= sums[sizeBucket];
             }
             hasHadRotation = true;
             int percentileSize = bucketToSize(sizeBucket);
             int prefChunkSize = Math.max(percentileSize * BUFS_PER_CHUNK, MIN_CHUNK_SIZE);
             localUpperBufSize = percentileSize;
             localPrefChunkSize = prefChunkSize;
             if (shareable) {
                 for (Magazine mag : group.magazines) {
                     HistogramChunkController statistics = (HistogramChunkController) mag.chunkController;
                     prefChunkSize = Math.max(prefChunkSize, statistics.localPrefChunkSize);
                 }
             }
             if (sharedPrefChunkSize != prefChunkSize) {
                 // Preferred chunk size changed. Increase check frequency.
                 datumTarget = Math.max(datumTarget >> 1, MIN_DATUM_TARGET);
                 sharedPrefChunkSize = prefChunkSize;
             } else {
                 // Preferred chunk size did not change. Check less often.
                 datumTarget = Math.min(datumTarget << 1, MAX_DATUM_TARGET);
             }
 
             histoIndex = histoIndex + 1 & 3;
             histo = histos[histoIndex];
             datumCount = 0;
             Arrays.fill(histo, (short) 0);
         }
 
         /**
          * Get the preferred chunk size, based on statistics from the {@linkplain #recordAllocationSize(int) recorded}
          * allocation sizes.
          * <p>
          * This method must be thread-safe.
          *
          * @return The currently preferred chunk allocation size.
          */
         int preferredChunkSize() {
             return sharedPrefChunkSize;
         }
 
         @Override
         public void initializeSharedStateIn(ChunkController chunkController) {
             HistogramChunkController statistics = (HistogramChunkController) chunkController;
             int sharedPrefChunkSize = this.sharedPrefChunkSize;
             statistics.localPrefChunkSize = sharedPrefChunkSize;
             statistics.sharedPrefChunkSize = sharedPrefChunkSize;
         }
 
         @Override
         public Chunk newChunkAllocation(int promptingSize, Magazine magazine) {
             int size = Math.max(promptingSize * BUFS_PER_CHUNK, preferredChunkSize());
             int minChunks = size / MIN_CHUNK_SIZE;
             if (MIN_CHUNK_SIZE * minChunks < size) {
                 // Round up to nearest whole MIN_CHUNK_SIZE unit. The MIN_CHUNK_SIZE is an even multiple of many
                 // popular small page sizes, like 4k, 16k, and 64k, which makes it easier for the system allocator
                 // to manage the memory in terms of whole pages. This reduces memory fragmentation,
                 // but without the potentially high overhead that power-of-2 chunk sizes would bring.
                 size = MIN_CHUNK_SIZE * (1 + minChunks);
             }
 
             // Limit chunks to the max size, even if the histogram suggests to go above it.
             size = Math.min(size, MAX_CHUNK_SIZE);
 
             // If we haven't rotated the histogram yet, optimisticly record this chunk size as our preferred.
             if (!hasHadRotation && sharedPrefChunkSize == MIN_CHUNK_SIZE) {
                 sharedPrefChunkSize = size;
             }
 
             ChunkAllocator chunkAllocator = group.chunkAllocator;
             Chunk chunk = new Chunk(chunkAllocator.allocate(size, size), magazine, true, this);
             chunkRegistry.add(chunk);
             return chunk;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean shouldReleaseChunk(int chunkSize) {
             int preferredSize = preferredChunkSize();
             int givenChunks = chunkSize / MIN_CHUNK_SIZE;
             int preferredChunks = preferredSize / MIN_CHUNK_SIZE;
             int deviation = Math.abs(givenChunks - preferredChunks);
 
             // Retire chunks with a 5% probability per unit of MIN_CHUNK_SIZE deviation from preference.
             return deviation != 0 &&
                     ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextDouble() * 20.0 < deviation;
         }
     }
 
     private static final class Magazine {
         private static final AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<Magazine, Chunk> NEXT_IN_LINE;
         static {
             NEXT_IN_LINE = AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater.newUpdater(Magazine.class, Chunk.class, "nextInLine");
         }
         private static final Chunk MAGAZINE_FREED = new Chunk();
 
         private static final Recycler<AdaptiveByteBuf> EVENT_LOOP_LOCAL_BUFFER_POOL = new Recycler<AdaptiveByteBuf>() {
             @Override
             protected AdaptiveByteBuf newObject(Handle<AdaptiveByteBuf> handle) {
                 return new AdaptiveByteBuf(handle);
             }
         };
 
         private Chunk current;
         @SuppressWarnings("unused") // updated via NEXT_IN_LINE
         private volatile Chunk nextInLine;
         private final MagazineGroup group;
         private final ChunkController chunkController;
         private final StampedLock allocationLock;
         private final Queue<AdaptiveByteBuf> bufferQueue;
         private final ObjectPool.Handle<AdaptiveByteBuf> handle;
         private final Queue<Chunk> sharedChunkQueue;
 
         Magazine(MagazineGroup group, boolean shareable, Queue<Chunk> sharedChunkQueue,
                  ChunkController chunkController) {
             this.group = group;
             this.chunkController = chunkController;
 
             if (shareable) {
                 // We only need the StampedLock if this Magazine will be shared across threads.
                 allocationLock = new StampedLock();
                 bufferQueue = PlatformDependent.newFixedMpmcQueue(MAGAZINE_BUFFER_QUEUE_CAPACITY);
                 handle = new ObjectPool.Handle<AdaptiveByteBuf>() {
                     @Override
                     public void recycle(AdaptiveByteBuf self) {
                         bufferQueue.offer(self);
                     }
                 };
             } else {
                 allocationLock = null;
                 bufferQueue = null;
                 handle = null;
             }
             this.sharedChunkQueue = sharedChunkQueue;
         }
 
         public boolean tryAllocate(int size, int maxCapacity, AdaptiveByteBuf buf, boolean reallocate) {
             if (allocationLock == null) {
                 // This magazine is not shared across threads, just allocate directly.
                 return allocate(size, maxCapacity, buf, reallocate);
             }
 
             // Try to retrieve the lock and if successful allocate.
             long writeLock = allocationLock.tryWriteLock();
             if (writeLock != 0) {
                 try {
                     return allocate(size, maxCapacity, buf, reallocate);
                 } finally {
                     allocationLock.unlockWrite(writeLock);
                 }
             }
             return allocateWithoutLock(size, maxCapacity, buf);
         }
 
         private boolean allocateWithoutLock(int size, int maxCapacity, AdaptiveByteBuf buf) {
             Chunk curr = NEXT_IN_LINE.getAndSet(this, null);
             if (curr == MAGAZINE_FREED) {
                 // Allocation raced with a stripe-resize that freed this magazine.
                 restoreMagazineFreed();
                 return false;
             }
             if (curr == null) {
                 curr = sharedChunkQueue.poll();
                 if (curr == null) {
                     return false;
                 }
                 curr.attachToMagazine(this);
             }
             boolean allocated = false;
             int remainingCapacity = curr.remainingCapacity();
             int startingCapacity = chunkController.computeBufferCapacity(
                     size, maxCapacity, true /* never update stats as we don't hold the magazine lock */);
             if (remainingCapacity >= size) {
                 curr.readInitInto(buf, size, Math.min(remainingCapacity, startingCapacity), maxCapacity);
                 allocated = true;
             }
             try {
                 if (remainingCapacity >= RETIRE_CAPACITY) {
                     transferToNextInLineOrRelease(curr);
                     curr = null;
                 }
             } finally {
                 if (curr != null) {
                     curr.releaseFromMagazine();
                 }
             }
             return allocated;
         }
 
         private boolean allocate(int size, int maxCapacity, AdaptiveByteBuf buf, boolean reallocate) {
             int startingCapacity = chunkController.computeBufferCapacity(size, maxCapacity, reallocate);
             Chunk curr = current;
             if (curr != null) {
                 // We have a Chunk that has some space left.
                 int remainingCapacity = curr.remainingCapacity();
                 if (remainingCapacity > startingCapacity) {
                     curr.readInitInto(buf, size, startingCapacity, maxCapacity);
                     // We still have some bytes left that we can use for the next allocation, just early return.
                     return true;
                 }
 
                 // At this point we know that this will be the last time current will be used, so directly set it to
                 // null and release it once we are done.
                 current = null;
                 if (remainingCapacity >= size) {
                     try {
                         curr.readInitInto(buf, size, remainingCapacity, maxCapacity);
                         return true;
                     } finally {
                         curr.releaseFromMagazine();
                     }
                 }
 
                 // Check if we either retain the chunk in the nextInLine cache or releasing it.
                 if (remainingCapacity < RETIRE_CAPACITY) {
                     curr.releaseFromMagazine();
                 } else {
                     // See if it makes sense to transfer the Chunk to the nextInLine cache for later usage.
                     // This method will release curr if this is not the case
                     transferToNextInLineOrRelease(curr);
                 }
             }
 
             assert current == null;
             // The fast-path for allocations did not work.
             //
             // Try to fetch the next "Magazine local" Chunk first, if this fails because we don't have a
             // next-in-line chunk available, we will poll our centralQueue.
             // If this fails as well we will just allocate a new Chunk.
             //
             // In any case we will store the Chunk as the current so it will be used again for the next allocation and
             // thus be "reserved" by this Magazine for exclusive usage.
             curr = NEXT_IN_LINE.getAndSet(this, null);
             if (curr != null) {
                 if (curr == MAGAZINE_FREED) {
                     // Allocation raced with a stripe-resize that freed this magazine.
                     restoreMagazineFreed();
                     return false;
                 }
 
                 int remainingCapacity = curr.remainingCapacity();
                 if (remainingCapacity > startingCapacity) {
                     // We have a Chunk that has some space left.
                     curr.readInitInto(buf, size, startingCapacity, maxCapacity);
                     current = curr;
                     return true;
                 }
 
                 if (remainingCapacity >= size) {
                     // At this point we know that this will be the last time curr will be used, so directly set it to
                     // null and release it once we are done.
                     try {
                         curr.readInitInto(buf, size, remainingCapacity, maxCapacity);
                         return true;
                     } finally {
                         // Release in a finally block so even if readInitInto(...) would throw we would still correctly
                         // release the current chunk before null it out.
                         curr.releaseFromMagazine();
                     }
                 } else {
                     // Release it as it's too small.
                     curr.releaseFromMagazine();
                 }
             }
 
             // Now try to poll from the central queue first
             curr = sharedChunkQueue.poll();
             if (curr == null) {
                 curr = chunkController.newChunkAllocation(size, this);
             } else {
                 curr.attachToMagazine(this);
 
                 int remainingCapacity = curr.remainingCapacity();
                 if (remainingCapacity == 0 || remainingCapacity < size) {
                     // Check if we either retain the chunk in the nextInLine cache or releasing it.
                     if (remainingCapacity < RETIRE_CAPACITY) {
                         curr.releaseFromMagazine();
                     } else {
                         // See if it makes sense to transfer the Chunk to the nextInLine cache for later usage.
                         // This method will release curr if this is not the case
                         transferToNextInLineOrRelease(curr);
                     }
                     curr = chunkController.newChunkAllocation(size, this);
                 }
             }
 
             current = curr;
             try {
                 int remainingCapacity = curr.remainingCapacity();
                 assert remainingCapacity >= size;
                 if (remainingCapacity > startingCapacity) {
                     curr.readInitInto(buf, size, startingCapacity, maxCapacity);
                     curr = null;
                 } else {
                     curr.readInitInto(buf, size, remainingCapacity, maxCapacity);
                 }
             } finally {
                 if (curr != null) {
                     // Release in a finally block so even if readInitInto(...) would throw we would still correctly
                     // release the current chunk before null it out.
                     curr.releaseFromMagazine();
                     current = null;
                 }
             }
             return true;
         }
 
         private void restoreMagazineFreed() {
             Chunk next = NEXT_IN_LINE.getAndSet(this, MAGAZINE_FREED);
             if (next != null && next != MAGAZINE_FREED) {
                 // A chunk snuck in through a race. Release it after restoring MAGAZINE_FREED state.
                 next.releaseFromMagazine();
             }
         }
 
         private void transferToNextInLineOrRelease(Chunk chunk) {
             if (NEXT_IN_LINE.compareAndSet(this, null, chunk)) {
                 return;
             }
 
             Chunk nextChunk = NEXT_IN_LINE.get(this);
             if (nextChunk != null && nextChunk != MAGAZINE_FREED
                     && chunk.remainingCapacity() > nextChunk.remainingCapacity()) {
                 if (NEXT_IN_LINE.compareAndSet(this, nextChunk, chunk)) {
                     nextChunk.releaseFromMagazine();
                     return;
                 }
             }
             // Next-in-line is occupied. We don't try to add it to the central queue yet as it might still be used
             // by some buffers and so is attached to a Magazine.
             // Once a Chunk is completely released by Chunk.release() it will try to move itself to the queue
             // as last resort.
             chunk.releaseFromMagazine();
         }
 
         boolean trySetNextInLine(Chunk chunk) {
             return NEXT_IN_LINE.compareAndSet(this, null, chunk);
         }
 
         void free() {
             // Release the current Chunk and the next that was stored for later usage.
             restoreMagazineFreed();
             long stamp = allocationLock != null ? allocationLock.writeLock() : 0;
             try {
                 if (current != null) {
                     current.releaseFromMagazine();
                     current = null;
                 }
             } finally {
                 if (allocationLock != null) {
                     allocationLock.unlockWrite(stamp);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         public AdaptiveByteBuf newBuffer() {
             AdaptiveByteBuf buf;
             if (handle == null) {
                 buf = EVENT_LOOP_LOCAL_BUFFER_POOL.get();
             } else {
                 buf = bufferQueue.poll();
                 if (buf == null) {
                     buf = new AdaptiveByteBuf(handle);
                 }
             }
             buf.resetRefCnt();
             buf.discardMarks();
             return buf;
         }
 
         boolean offerToQueue(Chunk chunk) {
             return group.offerToQueue(chunk);
         }
 
         public void initializeSharedStateIn(Magazine other) {
             chunkController.initializeSharedStateIn(other.chunkController);
         }
     }
 
     private static final class ChunkRegistry {
         private final LongAdder totalCapacity = new LongAdder();
 
         public long totalCapacity() {
             return totalCapacity.sum();
         }
 
         public void add(Chunk chunk) {
             totalCapacity.add(chunk.capacity());
         }
 
         public void remove(Chunk chunk) {
             totalCapacity.add(-chunk.capacity());
         }
     }
 
     private static class Chunk implements ReferenceCounted, ChunkInfo {
         private static final long REFCNT_FIELD_OFFSET;
         private static final AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<Chunk> AIF_UPDATER;
         private static final Object REFCNT_FIELD_VH;
         private static final ReferenceCountUpdater<Chunk> updater;
 
         static {
             ReferenceCountUpdater.UpdaterType updaterType = ReferenceCountUpdater.updaterTypeOf(Chunk.class, "refCnt");
             switch (updaterType) {
                 case Atomic:
                     AIF_UPDATER = newUpdater(Chunk.class, "refCnt");
                     REFCNT_FIELD_OFFSET = -1;
                     REFCNT_FIELD_VH = null;
                     updater = new AtomicReferenceCountUpdater<Chunk>() {
                         @Override
                         protected AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<Chunk> updater() {
                             return AIF_UPDATER;
                         }
                     };
                     break;
                 case Unsafe:
                     AIF_UPDATER = null;
                     REFCNT_FIELD_OFFSET = getUnsafeOffset(Chunk.class, "refCnt");
                     REFCNT_FIELD_VH = null;
                     updater = new UnsafeReferenceCountUpdater<Chunk>() {
                         @Override
                         protected long refCntFieldOffset() {
                             return REFCNT_FIELD_OFFSET;
                         }
                     };
                     break;
                 case VarHandle:
                     AIF_UPDATER = null;
                     REFCNT_FIELD_OFFSET = -1;
                     REFCNT_FIELD_VH = PlatformDependent.findVarHandleOfIntField(MethodHandles.lookup(),
                             Chunk.class, "refCnt");
                     updater = new VarHandleReferenceCountUpdater<Chunk>() {
                         @Override
                         protected VarHandle varHandle() {
                             return (VarHandle) REFCNT_FIELD_VH;
                         }
                     };
                     break;
                 default:
                     throw new Error("Unexpected updater type for Chunk: " + updaterType);
             }
         }
 
         protected final AbstractByteBuf delegate;
         protected Magazine magazine;
         private final AdaptivePoolingAllocator allocator;
         private final ChunkReleasePredicate chunkReleasePredicate;
         private final int capacity;
         private final boolean pooled;
         protected int allocatedBytes;
 
         // Value might not equal "real" reference count, all access should be via the updater
         @SuppressWarnings({"unused", "FieldMayBeFinal"})
         private volatile int refCnt;
 
         Chunk() {
             // Constructor only used by the MAGAZINE_FREED sentinel.
             delegate = null;
             magazine = null;
             allocator = null;
             chunkReleasePredicate = null;
             capacity = 0;
             pooled = false;
         }
 
         Chunk(AbstractByteBuf delegate, Magazine magazine, boolean pooled,
               ChunkReleasePredicate chunkReleasePredicate) {
             this.delegate = delegate;
             this.pooled = pooled;
             capacity = delegate.capacity();
             updater.setInitialValue(this);
             attachToMagazine(magazine);
 
             // We need the top-level allocator so ByteBuf.capacity(int) can call reallocate()
             allocator = magazine.group.allocator;
 
             this.chunkReleasePredicate = chunkReleasePredicate;
 
             if (PlatformDependent.isJfrEnabled() && AllocateChunkEvent.isEventEnabled()) {
                 AllocateChunkEvent event = new AllocateChunkEvent();
                 if (event.shouldCommit()) {
                     event.fill(this, AdaptiveByteBufAllocator.class);
                     event.pooled = pooled;
                     event.threadLocal = magazine.allocationLock == null;
                     event.commit();
                 }
             }
         }
 
         Magazine currentMagazine()  {
             return magazine;
         }
 
         void detachFromMagazine() {
             if (magazine != null) {
                 magazine = null;
             }
         }
 
         void attachToMagazine(Magazine magazine) {
             assert this.magazine == null;
             this.magazine = magazine;
         }
 
         @Override
         public Chunk touch(Object hint) {
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public int refCnt() {
             return updater.refCnt(this);
         }
 
         @Override
         public Chunk retain() {
             return updater.retain(this);
         }
 
         @Override
         public Chunk retain(int increment) {
             return updater.retain(this, increment);
         }
 
         @Override
         public Chunk touch() {
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean release() {
             if (updater.release(this)) {
                 deallocate();
                 return true;
             }
             return false;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean release(int decrement) {
             if (updater.release(this, decrement)) {
                 deallocate();
                 return true;
             }
             return false;
         }
 
         /**
          * Called when a magazine is done using this chunk, probably because it was emptied.
          */
         boolean releaseFromMagazine() {
             return release();
         }
 
         /**
          * Called when a ByteBuf is done using its allocation in this chunk.
          */
         boolean releaseSegment(int ignoredSegmentId) {
             return release();
         }
 
         private void deallocate() {
             Magazine mag = magazine;
             int chunkSize = delegate.capacity();
             if (!pooled || chunkReleasePredicate.shouldReleaseChunk(chunkSize) || mag == null) {
                 // Drop the chunk if the parent allocator is closed,
                 // or if the chunk deviates too much from the preferred chunk size.
                 detachFromMagazine();
                 onRelease();
                 allocator.chunkRegistry.remove(this);
                 delegate.release();
             } else {
                 updater.resetRefCnt(this);
                 delegate.setIndex(0, 0);
                 allocatedBytes = 0;
                 if (!mag.trySetNextInLine(this)) {
                     // As this Chunk does not belong to the mag anymore we need to decrease the used memory .
                     detachFromMagazine();
                     if (!mag.offerToQueue(this)) {
                         // The central queue is full. Ensure we release again as we previously did use resetRefCnt()
                         // which did increase the reference count by 1.
                         boolean released = updater.release(this);
                         onRelease();
                         allocator.chunkRegistry.remove(this);
                         delegate.release();
                         assert released;
                     } else {
                         onReturn(false);
                     }
                 } else {
                     onReturn(true);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         private void onReturn(boolean returnedToMagazine) {
             if (PlatformDependent.isJfrEnabled() && ReturnChunkEvent.isEventEnabled()) {
                 ReturnChunkEvent event = new ReturnChunkEvent();
                 if (event.shouldCommit()) {
                     event.fill(this, AdaptiveByteBufAllocator.class);
                     event.returnedToMagazine = returnedToMagazine;
                     event.commit();
                 }
             }
         }
 
         private void onRelease() {
             if (PlatformDependent.isJfrEnabled() && FreeChunkEvent.isEventEnabled()) {
                 FreeChunkEvent event = new FreeChunkEvent();
                 if (event.shouldCommit()) {
                     event.fill(this, AdaptiveByteBufAllocator.class);
                     event.pooled = pooled;
                     event.commit();
                 }
             }
         }
 
         public void readInitInto(AdaptiveByteBuf buf, int size, int startingCapacity, int maxCapacity) {
             int startIndex = allocatedBytes;
             allocatedBytes = startIndex + startingCapacity;
             Chunk chunk = this;
             chunk.retain();
             try {
                 buf.init(delegate, chunk, 0, 0, startIndex, size, startingCapacity, maxCapacity);
                 chunk = null;
             } finally {
                 if (chunk != null) {
                     // If chunk is not null we know that buf.init(...) failed and so we need to manually release
                     // the chunk again as we retained it before calling buf.init(...). Beside this we also need to
                     // restore the old allocatedBytes value.
                     allocatedBytes = startIndex;
                     chunk.release();
                 }
             }
         }
 
         public int remainingCapacity() {
             return capacity - allocatedBytes;
         }
 
         @Override
         public int capacity() {
             return capacity;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean isDirect() {
             return delegate.isDirect();
         }
 
         @Override
         public long memoryAddress() {
             return delegate._memoryAddress();
         }
     }
 
     private static final class SizeClassedChunk extends Chunk {
         private static final int FREE_LIST_EMPTY = -1;
         private final int segmentSize;
         private final MpscIntQueue freeList;
 
         SizeClassedChunk(AbstractByteBuf delegate, Magazine magazine, boolean pooled, int segmentSize,
                          int[] segmentOffsets, ChunkReleasePredicate shouldReleaseChunk) {
             super(delegate, magazine, pooled, shouldReleaseChunk);
             this.segmentSize = segmentSize;
             int segmentCount = segmentOffsets.length;
             assert delegate.capacity() / segmentSize == segmentCount;
             assert segmentCount > 0: "Chunk must have a positive number of segments";
             freeList = MpscIntQueue.create(segmentCount, FREE_LIST_EMPTY);
             freeList.fill(segmentCount, new IntSupplier() {
                 int counter;
                 @Override
                 public int getAsInt() {
                     return segmentOffsets[counter++];
                 }
             });
         }
 
         @Override
         public void readInitInto(AdaptiveByteBuf buf, int size, int startingCapacity, int maxCapacity) {
             int startIndex = freeList.poll();
             if (startIndex == FREE_LIST_EMPTY) {
                 throw new IllegalStateException("Free list is empty");
             }
             allocatedBytes += segmentSize;
             Chunk chunk = this;
             chunk.retain();
             try {
                 buf.init(delegate, chunk, 0, 0, startIndex, size, startingCapacity, maxCapacity);
                 chunk = null;
             } finally {
                 if (chunk != null) {
                     // If chunk is not null we know that buf.init(...) failed and so we need to manually release
                     // the chunk again as we retained it before calling buf.init(...). Beside this we also need to
                     // restore the old allocatedBytes value.
                     allocatedBytes -= segmentSize;
                     chunk.releaseSegment(startIndex);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         @Override
         public int remainingCapacity() {
             int remainingCapacity = super.remainingCapacity();
             if (remainingCapacity > segmentSize) {
                 return remainingCapacity;
             }
             int updatedRemainingCapacity = freeList.size() * segmentSize;
             if (updatedRemainingCapacity == remainingCapacity) {
                 return remainingCapacity;
             }
             // update allocatedBytes based on what's available in the free list
             allocatedBytes = capacity() - updatedRemainingCapacity;
             return updatedRemainingCapacity;
         }
 
         @Override
         boolean releaseFromMagazine() {
             // Size-classed chunks can be reused before they become empty.
             // We can therefor put them in the shared queue as soon as the magazine is done with this chunk.
             Magazine mag = magazine;
             detachFromMagazine();
             if (!mag.offerToQueue(this)) {
                 return super.releaseFromMagazine();
             }
             return false;
         }
 
         @Override
         boolean releaseSegment(int startIndex) {
             boolean released = release();
             boolean segmentReturned = freeList.offer(startIndex);
             assert segmentReturned: "Unable to return segment " + startIndex + " to free list";
             return released;
         }
     }
 
     static final class AdaptiveByteBuf extends AbstractReferenceCountedByteBuf {
 
         private final ObjectPool.Handle<AdaptiveByteBuf> handle;
 
         // this both act as adjustment and the start index for a free list segment allocation
         private int startIndex;
         private AbstractByteBuf rootParent;
         Chunk chunk;
         private int length;
         private int maxFastCapacity;
         private ByteBuffer tmpNioBuf;
         private boolean hasArray;
         private boolean hasMemoryAddress;
 
         AdaptiveByteBuf(ObjectPool.Handle<AdaptiveByteBuf> recyclerHandle) {
             super(0);
             handle = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(recyclerHandle, "recyclerHandle");
         }
 
         void init(AbstractByteBuf unwrapped, Chunk wrapped, int readerIndex, int writerIndex,
                   int startIndex, int size, int capacity, int maxCapacity) {
             this.startIndex = startIndex;
             chunk = wrapped;
             length = size;
             maxFastCapacity = capacity;
             maxCapacity(maxCapacity);
             setIndex0(readerIndex, writerIndex);
             hasArray = unwrapped.hasArray();
             hasMemoryAddress = unwrapped.hasMemoryAddress();
             rootParent = unwrapped;
             tmpNioBuf = null;
 
             if (PlatformDependent.isJfrEnabled() && AllocateBufferEvent.isEventEnabled()) {
                 AllocateBufferEvent event = new AllocateBufferEvent();
                 if (event.shouldCommit()) {
                     event.fill(this, AdaptiveByteBufAllocator.class);
                     event.chunkPooled = wrapped.pooled;
                     Magazine m = wrapped.magazine;
                     event.chunkThreadLocal = m != null && m.allocationLock == null;
                     event.commit();
                 }
             }
         }
 
         private AbstractByteBuf rootParent() {
             final AbstractByteBuf rootParent = this.rootParent;
             if (rootParent != null) {
                 return rootParent;
             }
             throw new IllegalReferenceCountException();
         }
 
         @Override
         public int capacity() {
             return length;
         }
 
         @Override
         public int maxFastWritableBytes() {
             return Math.min(maxFastCapacity, maxCapacity()) - writerIndex;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf capacity(int newCapacity) {
             if (length <= newCapacity && newCapacity <= maxFastCapacity) {
                 ensureAccessible();
                 length = newCapacity;
                 return this;
             }
             checkNewCapacity(newCapacity);
             if (newCapacity < capacity()) {
                 length = newCapacity;
                 trimIndicesToCapacity(newCapacity);
                 return this;
             }
 
             if (PlatformDependent.isJfrEnabled() && ReallocateBufferEvent.isEventEnabled()) {
                 ReallocateBufferEvent event = new ReallocateBufferEvent();
                 if (event.shouldCommit()) {
                     event.fill(this, AdaptiveByteBufAllocator.class);
                     event.newCapacity = newCapacity;
                     event.commit();
                 }
             }
 
             // Reallocation required.
             Chunk chunk = this.chunk;
             AdaptivePoolingAllocator allocator = chunk.allocator;
             int readerIndex = this.readerIndex;
             int writerIndex = this.writerIndex;
             int baseOldRootIndex = startIndex;
             int oldCapacity = length;
             AbstractByteBuf oldRoot = rootParent();
             allocator.reallocate(newCapacity, maxCapacity(), this);
             oldRoot.getBytes(baseOldRootIndex, this, 0, oldCapacity);
             chunk.releaseSegment(baseOldRootIndex);
             this.readerIndex = readerIndex;
             this.writerIndex = writerIndex;
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBufAllocator alloc() {
             return rootParent().alloc();
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteOrder order() {
             return rootParent().order();
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf unwrap() {
             return null;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean isDirect() {
             return rootParent().isDirect();
         }
 
         @Override
         public int arrayOffset() {
             return idx(rootParent().arrayOffset());
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean hasMemoryAddress() {
             return hasMemoryAddress;
         }
 
         @Override
         public long memoryAddress() {
             ensureAccessible();
             return _memoryAddress();
         }
 
         @Override
         long _memoryAddress() {
             AbstractByteBuf root = rootParent;
             return root != null ? root._memoryAddress() + startIndex : 0L;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuffer nioBuffer(int index, int length) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             return rootParent().nioBuffer(idx(index), length);
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuffer internalNioBuffer(int index, int length) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             return (ByteBuffer) internalNioBuffer().position(index).limit(index + length);
         }
 
         private ByteBuffer internalNioBuffer() {
             if (tmpNioBuf == null) {
                 tmpNioBuf = rootParent().nioBuffer(startIndex, maxFastCapacity);
             }
             return (ByteBuffer) tmpNioBuf.clear();
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuffer[] nioBuffers(int index, int length) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             return rootParent().nioBuffers(idx(index), length);
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean hasArray() {
             return hasArray;
         }
 
         @Override
         public byte[] array() {
             ensureAccessible();
             return rootParent().array();
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf copy(int index, int length) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             return rootParent().copy(idx(index), length);
         }
 
         @Override
         public int nioBufferCount() {
             return rootParent().nioBufferCount();
         }
 
         @Override
         protected byte _getByte(int index) {
             return rootParent()._getByte(idx(index));
         }
 
         @Override
         protected short _getShort(int index) {
             return rootParent()._getShort(idx(index));
         }
 
         @Override
         protected short _getShortLE(int index) {
             return rootParent()._getShortLE(idx(index));
         }
 
         @Override
         protected int _getUnsignedMedium(int index) {
             return rootParent()._getUnsignedMedium(idx(index));
         }
 
         @Override
         protected int _getUnsignedMediumLE(int index) {
             return rootParent()._getUnsignedMediumLE(idx(index));
         }
 
         @Override
         protected int _getInt(int index) {
             return rootParent()._getInt(idx(index));
         }
 
         @Override
         protected int _getIntLE(int index) {
             return rootParent()._getIntLE(idx(index));
         }
 
         @Override
         protected long _getLong(int index) {
             return rootParent()._getLong(idx(index));
         }
 
         @Override
         protected long _getLongLE(int index) {
             return rootParent()._getLongLE(idx(index));
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf getBytes(int index, ByteBuf dst, int dstIndex, int length) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             rootParent().getBytes(idx(index), dst, dstIndex, length);
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf getBytes(int index, byte[] dst, int dstIndex, int length) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             rootParent().getBytes(idx(index), dst, dstIndex, length);
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf getBytes(int index, ByteBuffer dst) {
             checkIndex(index, dst.remaining());
             rootParent().getBytes(idx(index), dst);
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void _setByte(int index, int value) {
             rootParent()._setByte(idx(index), value);
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void _setShort(int index, int value) {
             rootParent()._setShort(idx(index), value);
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void _setShortLE(int index, int value) {
             rootParent()._setShortLE(idx(index), value);
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void _setMedium(int index, int value) {
             rootParent()._setMedium(idx(index), value);
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void _setMediumLE(int index, int value) {
             rootParent()._setMediumLE(idx(index), value);
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void _setInt(int index, int value) {
             rootParent()._setInt(idx(index), value);
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void _setIntLE(int index, int value) {
             rootParent()._setIntLE(idx(index), value);
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void _setLong(int index, long value) {
             rootParent()._setLong(idx(index), value);
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void _setLongLE(int index, long value) {
             rootParent().setLongLE(idx(index), value);
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf setBytes(int index, byte[] src, int srcIndex, int length) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             ByteBuffer tmp = (ByteBuffer) internalNioBuffer().clear().position(index);
             tmp.put(src, srcIndex, length);
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf setBytes(int index, ByteBuf src, int srcIndex, int length) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             ByteBuffer tmp = (ByteBuffer) internalNioBuffer().clear().position(index);
             tmp.put(src.nioBuffer(srcIndex, length));
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf setBytes(int index, ByteBuffer src) {
             checkIndex(index, src.remaining());
             ByteBuffer tmp = (ByteBuffer) internalNioBuffer().clear().position(index);
             tmp.put(src);
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf getBytes(int index, OutputStream out, int length)
                 throws IOException {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             if (length != 0) {
                 ByteBufUtil.readBytes(alloc(), internalNioBuffer().duplicate(), index, length, out);
             }
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public int getBytes(int index, GatheringByteChannel out, int length)
                 throws IOException {
             ByteBuffer buf = internalNioBuffer().duplicate();
             buf.clear().position(index).limit(index + length);
             return out.write(buf);
         }
 
         @Override
         public int getBytes(int index, FileChannel out, long position, int length)
                 throws IOException {
             ByteBuffer buf = internalNioBuffer().duplicate();
             buf.clear().position(index).limit(index + length);
             return out.write(buf, position);
         }
 
         @Override
         public int setBytes(int index, InputStream in, int length)
                 throws IOException {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             final AbstractByteBuf rootParent = rootParent();
             if (rootParent.hasArray()) {
                 return rootParent.setBytes(idx(index), in, length);
             }
             byte[] tmp = ByteBufUtil.threadLocalTempArray(length);
             int readBytes = in.read(tmp, 0, length);
             if (readBytes <= 0) {
                 return readBytes;
             }
             setBytes(index, tmp, 0, readBytes);
             return readBytes;
         }
 
         @Override
         public int setBytes(int index, ScatteringByteChannel in, int length)
                 throws IOException {
             try {
                 return in.read(internalNioBuffer(index, length));
             } catch (ClosedChannelException ignored) {
                 return -1;
             }
         }
 
         @Override
         public int setBytes(int index, FileChannel in, long position, int length)
                 throws IOException {
             try {
                 return in.read(internalNioBuffer(index, length), position);
             } catch (ClosedChannelException ignored) {
                 return -1;
             }
         }
 
         @Override
         public int setCharSequence(int index, CharSequence sequence, Charset charset) {
             return setCharSequence0(index, sequence, charset, false);
         }
 
         private int setCharSequence0(int index, CharSequence sequence, Charset charset, boolean expand) {
             if (charset.equals(CharsetUtil.UTF_8)) {
                 int length = ByteBufUtil.utf8MaxBytes(sequence);
                 if (expand) {
                     ensureWritable0(length);
                     checkIndex0(index, length);
                 } else {
                     checkIndex(index, length);
                 }
                 return ByteBufUtil.writeUtf8(this, index, length, sequence, sequence.length());
             }
             if (charset.equals(CharsetUtil.US_ASCII) || charset.equals(CharsetUtil.ISO_8859_1)) {
                 int length = sequence.length();
                 if (expand) {
                     ensureWritable0(length);
                     checkIndex0(index, length);
                 } else {
                     checkIndex(index, length);
                 }
                 return ByteBufUtil.writeAscii(this, index, sequence, length);
             }
             byte[] bytes = sequence.toString().getBytes(charset);
             if (expand) {
                 ensureWritable0(bytes.length);
                 // setBytes(...) will take care of checking the indices.
             }
             setBytes(index, bytes);
             return bytes.length;
         }
 
         @Override
         public int writeCharSequence(CharSequence sequence, Charset charset) {
             int written = setCharSequence0(writerIndex, sequence, charset, true);
             writerIndex += written;
             return written;
         }
 
         @Override
         public int forEachByte(int index, int length, ByteProcessor processor) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             int ret = rootParent().forEachByte(idx(index), length, processor);
             return forEachResult(ret);
         }
 
         @Override
         public int forEachByteDesc(int index, int length, ByteProcessor processor) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             int ret = rootParent().forEachByteDesc(idx(index), length, processor);
             return forEachResult(ret);
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf setZero(int index, int length) {
             checkIndex(index, length);
             rootParent().setZero(idx(index), length);
             return this;
         }
 
         @Override
         public ByteBuf writeZero(int length) {
             ensureWritable(length);
             rootParent().setZero(idx(writerIndex), length);
             writerIndex += length;
             return this;
         }
 
         private int forEachResult(int ret) {
             if (ret < startIndex) {
                 return -1;
             }
             return ret - startIndex;
         }
 
         @Override
         public boolean isContiguous() {
             return rootParent().isContiguous();
         }
 
         private int idx(int index) {
             return index + startIndex;
         }
 
         @Override
         protected void deallocate() {
             if (PlatformDependent.isJfrEnabled() && FreeBufferEvent.isEventEnabled()) {
                 FreeBufferEvent event = new FreeBufferEvent();
                 if (event.shouldCommit()) {
                     event.fill(this, AdaptiveByteBufAllocator.class);
                     event.commit();
                 }
             }
 
             if (chunk != null) {
                 chunk.releaseSegment(startIndex);
             }
             tmpNioBuf = null;
             chunk = null;
             rootParent = null;
             if (handle instanceof EnhancedHandle) {
                 EnhancedHandle<AdaptiveByteBuf>  enhancedHandle = (EnhancedHandle<AdaptiveByteBuf>) handle;
                 enhancedHandle.unguardedRecycle(this);
             } else {
                 handle.recycle(this);
             }
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * The strategy for how {@link AdaptivePoolingAllocator} should allocate chunk buffers.
      */
     interface ChunkAllocator {
         /**
          * Allocate a buffer for a chunk. This can be any kind of {@link AbstractByteBuf} implementation.
          * @param initialCapacity The initial capacity of the returned {@link AbstractByteBuf}.
          * @param maxCapacity The maximum capacity of the returned {@link AbstractByteBuf}.
          * @return The buffer that represents the chunk memory.
          */
         AbstractByteBuf allocate(int initialCapacity, int maxCapacity);
     }
 }